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Mohassel, Mohammad Hassan Rashed,Aliverdi, Akbar,Hamami, Hossein,Zand, Eskandar The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgra 2010 Weed Biology and Management Vol.10 No.1
Optimizing the herbicide dose by the addition of adjuvants is an acceptable way to reduce the risk of side-effects from herbicides. Therefore, to detect a suitable adjuvant for diclofop-methyl, cycloxydim, and clodinafop-propargyl against littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), six dose. response experiments were conducted. The treatments consisted of diclofop-methyl at 0, 112, 225, 450, 675, and 900 $g\;ai\;ha^{-1}$, cycloxydim at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 $g\;ai\;ha^{-1}$, and clodinafop-propargyl at 0, 8, 16, 32, 48, and 64 $g\;ai\;ha^{-1}$ with and without the adjuvants of Frigate, olive oil, and castor oil at 0. 2% (v/v) in order to control both littleseed canarygrass and wild oat. Tested herbicides performance was enhanced by all adjuvants against littleseed canarygrass and wild oat. The addition of Frigate and the vegetable oils had the lowest and the highest effect on the performance of all of the herbicides on both littleseed canarygrass and wild oat, respectively, which confirms the solubilizing nature of the cuticular waxes by vegetable oils. A comparison between the two vegetable oils revealed that olive oil exerted a greater control of littleseed canarygrass than did the castor oil. In contrast, castor oil exerted a greater control of wild oat than did the olive oil, which can be related to differences in the leaf surface micromorphology of the weeds.
Confirmed resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides in Phalaris minor populations in Iran
Gherekhloo, Javid,Mohassel, Mohammad H. Rashed,Mahalati, Mehdi Nassiri,Zand, Eskandar,Ghanbari, Ali,Osuna, Maria D.,Prado, Rafael De The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgra 2011 Weed Biology and Management Vol.11 No.1
Phalaris minor (littleseed canary grass) is a major weed in wheat fields in some parts of Iran. Diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and clodinafop-propargyl are three acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides that are commonly used to control this grass in wheat fields. Thirty-four P. minor populations with suspected resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides were sampled from wheat fields in the provinces of Fars and Golestan in Iran. The dose.response assays that were conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions indicated that 14 populations were resistant to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, seven populations were resistant to both fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and diclofop-methyl, and three populations were resistant to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, diclofop-methyl, and clodinafop-propargyl. These populations showed different levels of resistance to the applied herbicides, compared to the susceptible population. These results suggest that different mechanisms of resistance could be involved. The enzyme assay revealed that the existence of modified ACCase in the three most-resistant populations (AR, MR4, and SR3) is responsible for the resistance of these populations.