Whither FDI Rivalry between China and ASEAN Countries: Crowding-out or Crowding-in?

( Chan Hyun Sohn ) 한국국제경제학회 2013 한국국제경제학회 학술대회발표 논문집 Vol.2013 No.4

This paper aims to empirically investigate the so-called China effect, namely, how China’s increasing attraction of FDI affects the FDI inflows of neighboring ASEAN countries. Special attention will be given to whether China and ASEAN countries are crowding-out (competing) or crowding-in (helping) each other for global FDI inflows into East Asia. Recognizing that all previous studies employed gravity models, which have no theoretical foundation to explain FDI inflows, this study instead utilizes a theory-based Knowledge- Capital Model. Using country-pair FDI data for China and six major ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) with 31 FDI source countries during1985-2010, panel analyses of each country are carried out to identify the possible influence of the other countries’ FDI performance. The empirical results suggest that China’s rise does not pose a threat to neighboring ASEAN countries, but that it induces a strong synergetic effect on the FDI inflows into neighboring ASEAN countries. Thus in attracting global FDI, China and the ASEAN countries are not foes, but friends.

자유무역협정(FTA)에 따른 회원국간 경제수렴 분석

Chan-Hyun Sohn,Hyo-Sung Yim 대외경제정책연구원 2000 East Asian Economic Review Vol.4 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the formation of an FTA will converge or diverge the income levels of its member countries. Although similar former studies predicted, to a certain degree, the possibility of economic convergence among FTA members, they failed to provide accurate research methods or reliable conclusions. Therefore, this study focuses on introducing the new concept of ‘accelerated convergence’ for the estimation of economic convergence to fully analyze the pure effects of an FTA on the income level convergence among its members. The empirical analysis from the cases of the creation and expansion of the EU and the formation of AFTA and ANZCER, proves that an FTA will certainly introduce an economic convergence effect on its members. This means that, in the pursuit of an FTA, it is desirable for Korea to establish an FTA with advanced countries, such as the U.S. or Japan, to maximize the benefits of economic convergence.

Korea`s Interests in FTA and Northeast Asia

Sohn, Chan Hyun 한국비교경제학회 2002 비교경제연구 Vol.9 No.1

Korea has so far preferred the multilateral framework to the regional initiatives because, due to its non-discriminatory and comprehensive coverage, it was considered to be the best way to achieve trade liberalization at the global level. However, both external and internal factors made Korea reconsider the adoption of the FTA policy. As a first step, Korea has been negotiating an FTA with Chile since 1998. It is also examining the feasibility of an FTA with major economies such as Japan, the U.S., and aldo with Singapore, New Zealand and Thailand. Although its basic trade policy is still focused on strengthening the multilateral system, Korea now believes that regional trade agreements(RTAs) in the form of FTAs will be a stepping stone to achieve world trade liberalization. Acknowledging the growing tendency toward regionalism in the global trading system, Northeast Asian countries also feel the need to pursue some form of regional cooperation in order to maximize the benefits of trade liberalization and promote common interest against other regional economic blocs. Two approaches have been often cited: The first approach is to establish a trilateral FTA among Korea, Japan and China. In this way, Japan and Korea can take advantage of the huge market and cheap natural and human resources of China, while China can benefit from technology transfer and FDI from Korea and Japan. Moreover, no one is likely to suffer from a unilateral trade imbalance after tariff elimination, as the trade deficit with one will be partly compensated by a trade surplus with the other, according to the current trade structure. The second and more feasible approach is two-staged economic integration; form a bilateral FTA between Korea and Japan first and incorporate China at a later stage. As both Korea and Japan have a market economy and the economic gap between them is narrower than with China, relatively lower institutional barriers lie in the way of them forming an FTA. Moreover, the successful launch of a Korea-Japan FTA will motivate China to join it as soon as possible in order to avoid serious trade diversion, thereby accelerating the process of Northeast Asian economic integration. After all, Korea should ensure that a Northeast Asian FTA initiative must be consistent with the WTO rules so that both multilateral and regional approaches can engender a synergic harmonization, thereby accelerating the progress of a freer and fairer trade and investment in the Korean economy.

The Effect of China`s Rise on FDI Competition in East Asia: Crowding-out or Crowding-in?

( Chan Hyun Sohn ) 한국국제경제학회 2015 한국국제경제학회 동계학술대회 Vol.2015 No.-

This paper aims to empirically investigate the so-called China Effect on FDI competition in East Asia. Special attention will be given to the question of whether or not China monopolizes regional FDI inflows, thereby diverting FDIs from neighboring ASEAN countries; namely, does China``s FDI crowd out or crowd in FDIs in East Asia? Recognizing that most previous research utilized a gravity equation to explain FDI flows, although this has absolutely no theoretical foundation, this study attempts to apply a theory-based Knowledge-Capital Model. The model is further modified to incorporate preferential marketopenings by FTAs and BITs in that they can directly affect investment and trade costs in the model. Using country-pair FDI data for China and six large ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) with 34 FDI source countries during the period 1985-2010, panel analyses are carried out to examine the possible influence of China``s rise on the other countries`` FDI performance in East Asia under 4 different FDI-competition structures. The empirical results suggest that China``s rise does not pose a threat to neighboring ASEAN countries, but rather induces a strong synergetic effect on the FDI inflows into neighboring ASEAN countries. Thus, in attracting global FDI inflows, China and the ASEAN countries are not foes but friends.

중력모형(Gravity Model)에 기초한 韓國의 교역패턴 및 지역경제권의 영향

Chan-Hyun Sohn,Jinna Yoon 대외경제정책연구원 2000 East Asian Economic Review Vol.4 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze Korea’s trade patterns based on the gravity model and to suggest possible ways to expand trade by identifying important factors determining Korea’s bilateral trade flows. The gravity model assumes that trade flows between two countries are positively related to their economic size and negatively related to the distance between them. In this paper, new explanatory variables, such as the Trade conformity Index and APEC membership, were also included in order to examine the peculiarity of Korea’s trade patterns ? whether they follow the Heckscher-Ohlin model or the Differentiated Product Model ? and to estimate the influence of a regional economic bloc on Korean bilateral trade flows. According to the regression results of the analysis, it was found that Korea’s bilateral trade patterns fit the basic gravity model well and that inter-industry trade, as explained by the Hckscher-Ohlin model, is more prevalent in Korea’s international trade. Therefore, in order to expand bilateral trade volumes, it spears to be more desirable for Korea to promote bilateral trade with countries in close proximity and having large economies. However, Korea’s actual trade volumes, with countries like Japan and China which, in terms of economic size and distance, present greater advantages, seem to fall short of the trade volumes predicted by the gravity model. This implies that there are significant trade barriers between Korea and these countries. Therefore, by promoting a deeper form of trade liberalization with both Japan and China, Korea is expected to fully exploit its trade potentials and maximize the gains from trade.

How Trade Structure Causes Growth?: An Empirics -A New Look for the relationship between Trade and Growth-

손찬현 ( Chan Hyun Sohn ),이홍식 ( Hong Shik Lee ) 한국국제경제학회 2003 한국국제경제학회 동계학술대회 Vol.2003 No.4

부산 광역시 12세아동의 구강보건실태에 관한 조사 연구

손기찬,김공현,김진범,이희철 대한보건협회 1995 대한보건연구 Vol.21 No.2

저자는 국민학교 시기를 지나 중학교에 입학하여 청소년기에 접어들기 시작하는 12세아동의 구강건강증진을 위한 방안을 모색할 목적으로, 1995년 3월 현재 부산 광역시에 소재하고 있는 중학교 중에서 다대지역에 있는 2개교를 표본학교로 선정한 다음, 1학년에 재학 중인 만 12세의 남여아동 598명을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 구강보건지식의 실천상태를 조사하는 한편, 구강검사를 통하여 우식증과 치은염 및 부정교합실태를 조사 분석한 바, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 1일평균잇솔질횟수는 1.73회이었고, 식후잇솔질률은 76.56%이었다. 치약에 불소배합여부를 알고 있는 아동은 38.29%이었고, 실제로 불소배합치약을 사용하는 아동은 41.49%이었다. 2. 영구치우식경험자율은 86.45%이었고, 우식경험영구치율은 10.97%이었다. 우식경험영구치지수는 3.07개이었고, 우식경험영구치 중에서 치료되지 않은 우식영구치율은 59.60%이었으며, 우식경험제1대구치율은 56.52%이었다. 치아종류별 우식경험치율은 하악제1대구치에서 66.97%, 상악제1대구치에서 46.35%이었다. 3. 하악전치부 치은염유병자률은 31.27%이었고, 남자에서는 35.20%이었으며, 여자에서는 27.21%이었다. 4. 부정교합유병자률은 30.43%이었으며, 1급부정교합자는 20.07%, 2급부정교합자는 6.19%, 3급부정교합자는 4.18%이었다. This study assessed the oral health status and practices related to oral health among 12 year old children in Pusan, Korea. An oral epidemiologic survey was undertaken to determine the status of dental caries, gingivitis and malocclusion for 12 year old children of the junior high schools in Pusan. A questionnaire consisting of 3 items was used to interview for the practices of toothbrushing and the use of fluoride toothpastes. A fluoride- or non-fluoride toothpaste was judged by its brand used at daily toothbrushing. Total samples were 598 consisting of 304 boys and 294 girls. The major results were as follows: 1. The mean of frequency of daily toothbrushing was 1.73. 76.56% of toothbrushings were done after meals. 41.49% of respondents were judged to use fluoride-containing toothpastes at daily toothbrushing. 2. It was estimated that caries experience of permanent teeth(DMF rate) was 86.45%, DMFT rate; 10.57%, DMFT index; 3.07. Decayed teeth among total DMF teeth were 59.60% and filled teeth among total DMF teeth were 35.59%. 56.52% of permanent first molars experienced caries. The caries experience rate of each tooth type was 66.97% among lower first molars, 46.35% among upper first molars. 3. The prevalence of gingivitis at lower anterior teeth was 31.27%. 4. 30.43% of the subjects had malocclusion: Class Ⅰ, 20.07%; Class Ⅱ, 6.19%; Class Ⅲ, 4.18%. 5. Community water fluoridation or fluoride mouth rinsing programme at elementary and junior high schools should be developed to prevent dental caries. Oral health education including toothbrushing practices with fluoride toothpastes should be strengthened to prevent periodontal diseases and dental caries. 6. Incremental oral health care services should be supplied at elementary and junior high schools to prevent and treat oral diseases.

Develpoment of calcium-rich rice Lines at transgenic plants with CAX 1 gene

Hyun Suk Lee,Young Hee Park,Chan Kil Kim,Jae Keun Sohn,Kyung Min Kim 한국육종학회 2008 한국육종학회 학술발표회 발표요지 Vol.40 No.1

Esculetin, a Coumarin Derivative, Inhibits Aldose Reductase Activity in vitro and Cataractogenesis in Galactose-Fed Rats

( Chan Sik Kim ),( Jung Hyun Kim ),( Yun Mi Lee ),( Eun Jin Sohn ),( Jin Sook Kim ) 한국응용약물학회 2016 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.24 No.2

Naturally occurring coumarin compounds have received substantial attention due to their pharmaceutical effects. Esculetin is a coumarin derivative and a polyphenol compound that is used in a variety of therapeutic and pharmacological strategies. However, its effect on aldose reductase activity remains poorly understood. In this study, the potential beneficial effects of esculetin on lenticular aldose reductase were investigated in galactose-fed (GAL) rats, an animal model of sugar cataracts. Cataracts were induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via a 50% galactose diet for 2 weeks, and groups of GAL rats were orally treated with esculetin (10 or 50 mg/kg body weight). In vehicle-treated GAL rats, lens opacification was observed, and swelling and membrane rupture of the lens fiber cells were increased. Additionally, aldose reductase was highly expressed in the lens epithelium and superficial cortical fibers during cataract development in the GAL rats. Esculetin reduced rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) activity in vitro, and esculetin treatment significantly inhibited lens opacity, as well as morphological alterations, such as swelling, vacuolation and liquefaction of lens fibers, via the inhibition of aldose reductase in the GAL rats. These results indicate that esculetin is a useful treatment for galactose-induced cataracts.

P281 : Clinicopathologic features of progressive macular hypomelanosis in Korea

( Hyun Soo Lee ),( Seong Hyang Sohn ),( Hee Young Kang ),( Eun So Lee ),( You Chan Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2014 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.66 No.2

Background: The progressive macular hypomelanosis(PMH) is relatively recently described disorder, which was first described in 1988, and more references are considered to be needed. Objectives: The purpose of the study is to document the clinicopathological and ultrastructural features of PMH in Korean patients. Methods: Patients were enrolled who diagnosed as PMH from July 2009 to June 2014 in our hospital. Skin biopsy specimen were obtained from lesional and normal skin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Brown and Brenn Gram stain, Fontana-Masson stain, and immunohistochemical stain such asgp-100, Melan-A and MITF. In two patients, electron microscopy was also performed. Results: During 5 years, 16 patients presented with ill-defined hypopigmented macules involving trunk and upper extremities. The mean age was 28.4±9.0 and male to female ratio was about 1:4. Histopathologically, lesional skin showed reduced pigmentation with preserved the number of melanocytes. Electron microscopy demonstrated smaller and less melanized melanosome in lesional keratinocyte. Only one patient showed suspicious bacterial colonization in pilosebaceous duct. Conclusion: PMH is hypopigmentary disorder, which is characterized by loss of melanosome without the damage of melanocyte. There are several reports about the relation between P. acnes and PMH, but it is still unclear.