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An Approach to Tourism Product Marketing
Ye Xiushuang(叶,秀霜) 세계문화관광학회 2008 Conference Proceedings Vol.9 No.0
The intelligence marketing is a new marketing activity that is a kind of characteristics and costliness value mode, and it is also an important change of an anti-traditional marketing mode. It is required to pay attention to the special need of women during every process about tourism operation such as designing, producing, serving and so on. 心智营销是目前阶段一种高价值、大作用的全新营销活动,足反传统营销模式的一次重大变革。而关于旅游产品女性市场的心智营销是心智营销的一个单独的、有明显特色的分支,是针对广泛存在的女性客源市场,采取心智营销的策略,使旅游企业在产品设计、生产、销售等环节更注重女性的特殊需求。
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叶;克林 동아대학교 동아시아연구원 2007 동아시아 : 비교와 전망 Vol.6 No.1
As a structural formation and an arrangement of basic institution in a country, the administrative division’s system is neither a single area nor a unitary economic or administrative system, but the fundamental question of the comprehensive systems for long?\term orientating core administrative resources, such as distributing regions, exploiting natural resources, establishing local power, dividing finance and tax revenue, standardizing governmental function and delimiting officials. Differing from other around 200 countries and regions in the world at present, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has been typically characterized as a vertical many levels of the administrative division’s system because of the high planned economy, the centralized state power and the traditional lagged conditions of communication as well as traffic systems over a past long period of time. Although having paid significant historical roles for upholding state unification and societal stability, and building modern industrial systems, the Chinese current administrative division’s system, since the significant changes of the situation and surrounding from the opening and reform of China began in 1978, has been increasingly exposed a whole series of deep contradiction and trouble including the miscellaneous administrative levels, the unbalanced administrative ranges, the low administrative efficiency and the deficiency of lawful norms. Therefore, comprehensive reform is in need of the Chinese current administrative division’s system. But, as a complicated, sensitive and enormous systems engineering, the Chinese future reform of administrative division’s system must to be carefully considered with the situation as a whole in mind. And firstly, the objective model of the Chinese future administrative division’s system will still be a unitary state but neither a state of total regional autonomy nor one with federal system or a confederation of nations. Secondarily, the overall train of thought has a package of the reform on four administrative levels covered by “the gradually narrowing provinces”, “the innovating urban institutions”, “the province’s directly managing county” and “the autonomously governing countryside and town”. Thirdly, the key in the short?\middle term is to select some suitable provinces as comprehensive experiments, and widen the path through the criterion of all kinds of administrative area setting and the experiments on the reform of the county town and urban inside. Finally, the author of this paper estimates that “the province’s directly managing county” as a strategic direction will undergo three important steps(“economic decentralization of power”, “administrative decentralization of power” and “political decentralization of power”), after then, eventually realize “separately governing urban and rural areas” and touch off the demand of overall reform of Chinese administrative division’s system including “the gradually narrowing provinces”, “the innovating urban institutions” and “the autonomously governing countryside and town”. 作为一个国家政体的结构体系形态和基本制度安排的行政区划体制,既不是一个单一的区域面积问题,也不是一个单一的经济体制或行政体制问题,而是涉及区域布局、资源开发、政权设置、财政税收、政府职能、官员定编等行政管理核心资源定域化长期配置的综合性体制问题。与当今200个左右国家和地区不同,由于长期以来实行的高度计划经济模式、中央集权型单一制国家、传统落后的交通通讯条件等主要影响因素,中国形成了纵向多级制的行政区划。中国现行行政区划体制,对于维护国家统一和社会稳定、建设现代化工业体系,发挥了重要的历史作用,但随着改革开放以来形势和环境的深刻变化,日益暴露出管理层次繁乱、管理幅度失衡、管理效率低下和法治规范缺失等一系列深层次的矛盾和问题。中国未来行政区划体制改革需要总揽全局。目标模式仍将保持单一制国家形态,而不会选择地方自治、联邦制或邦联制;总体思路包括“分步缩省”、“创新市制”、“省管县”和“乡镇自治”等四级政区层面;近中期重点有必要选择一些有条件的完整省区进行政区体改的综合性试点,并可通过制定政区设置标准,县城体改、城市内部政区体改试点和“省管县”实验,拓宽政区体改路径。作为中国未来政区体改的一个战略方向,“省管县”将会经历“经济性分权”、“行政性分权”和“政治性分权”三个主要阶段,最终实现“市、县分治”,并引发“分步缩省”、“创新市制”、“乡镇自治”等全面改革要求。
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전상경(Jun, Sang-Kyung),叶,克林(Ye, Ke Lin) 한국지방정부학회 2010 지방정부연구 Vol.14 No.2
중국은 960만 km2의 영토와 56개의 서로 다른 민족 및 약 13억의 인구를 가진 강력한 단일형 국가체제를 유지하고 있는 사회주의 국가다. 공산당이 국가에 대해 우월적 지위를 갖기 때문에 중국에서의 ‘지방정부’의 개념은 민주국가에서 생각하는 통상적인 의미와는 달리 그 지역의 ‘인민정부’와 공산당위원회를 포괄하는 의미로 해석되어야 한다. 덩샤오핑(邓小平)에 의한 1978년의 개혁개방정책은 분권화를 주요한 전략적 수단으로 채택하였고, 이러한 분권화정책은 지방정부의 정치적.행정적.경제적 환경에 커다란 변화를 초래하였다. 이것은 지방정부간 경쟁을 초래하는 중요한 동인과 유인체제로 작동하였다. 지방정부간경쟁은 고도의 경제성장 및 재산권제도의 개혁과 같은 여러 가지 긍정적 효과도 초래했지만, 극심한 지방보호주의와 무질서한 우대정책의 남발, 기간시설의 중복건설로 인한 자원낭비, 지역간격차의 심화, 후커우(户口)제도개혁의 어려움 등과 같은 부작용도 초래하였다. 과도한 지방정부간경쟁의 가능한 해결방으로는 지방정부관원들의 업적평가체제개선 및 지역간협력체제의 구축을 들 수 있으며, 본 논문은 쟝수성을 포함하는 창산지아오(长三角)지역을 중심으로 한 지방정부간 경쟁상황과 그 정책적 함의를 고찰한다. 지방정부간경쟁의 부작용이 중국에게는 심각한 사회적 문제일 수 있지만, 중국에 진출하는 외국기업에게는 상대적으로 기회로 작용할 수 있다. 왜냐하면 외국기업들이 중국지방정부간경쟁을 잘 활용하면 상당한 정책특혜를 누릴 수 있기 때문이다. 따라서 중국에 진출하려는 우리나라 기업들은 중국의 지방정부간 경쟁을 체계적으로 이해할 필요가 있다. Deng Xiaoping's reform and open-door policy in 1978 adopted decentralization as a strategic policy measure, and this brought to local governments significant changes in political, administrative, and economic arenas. These changes worked not only as a big momentum, but also gave strong incentives for the inter-local governments competition. The inter-local government competition on the one hand has resulted in the such positive effects as high economic growth and reform of property right system, but on the other hand resulted in the such negative effects as extreme local protectionism, overissue of special favor-policy, redundancy in the construction of key facilities, deepening of regional gap, and difficulty in the reform of family register system. This paper suggests to establish a regional cooperation organization and to reform the performance evaluation system for the local elites as possible measures to solve such negative effects caused by extreme inter-governmental competition. The case of Changsanjiao area was closely examined for the study of inter-governmental competition in China.
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