원자력발전소의 주관적 업무량 평가를 위한 평가 항목 개선

박재규(Jaekyu Park),이용희(Yong?Hee Lee) 대한인간공학회 2010 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.29 No.4

Workload assessment is one of the important elements of the human factors evaluation for the nuclear power plants in operation. This paper describes a further study upon the additional elements of the workload which elements should be considered in the subjective workload assessment. We have tried to predict the burden of the work and to improve the work through a comparison of the objective workload and the subjective workload in the previous studies in nuclear power plants. However, there is a restriction to perform a precise assessment because of the limitations of the method itself. The objective workload assessment is performed by relative comparison using the quadrant analysis with objective workload and subjective workload because there were no clear criteria of objective workload assessment. And the subjective workload assessment is performed by NASA-TLX (NASA Task Load Index) which includes six evaluation dimensions of subjective workload. NASA-TLX is difficult to grasp the other aspects that could influence on the subjective workload because the analysis relies on predetermined assessment items. We conduct a factor analysis between the factors that affect the workload and the assessment adopted from ISO 10075 and NASA-TLX. At the same time, this study suggests other evaluation elements which can be added for subjective workload assessment except for evaluation elements of NASA-TLX.

법관 업무부담 및 그 영향요인에 관한 연구

홍보람 ( Boram Hong ) 사법정책연구원 2021 연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.17

Reasonable judicial workload is a key element for providing a “decent trial” to the public. Judicial performance is closely related with physical and mental competence of judges. Judges weathered by the excessive workload would find difficulties in performing his or her duties with optimal competence. Managing judicial workload at an appropriate level results in a better judicial performance. In this regard, the right to a fair and speedy trial, and improving public trust and confidence in the judiciary is deeply relevant to judicial workload. Due to the discrepancy between the judicial demand and supply, however, judges are burdened with excessive workload. And this requests a proper response. The purpose of this study is to identify the current state of the judicial workload and assess relevant factors influencing it. To have a more comprehensive view on the subject, this study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research methods such as in-depth interview and statistical analysis of survey results. Empirical richness is a prerequisite to facilitate a productive discussion. The findings are two-fold. Excessive overtime work adversely affects judges, bring detrimental impact on physical and mental competence, and reducing job satisfaction. Whereas, intrinsic motivations such as solidarity and job satisfaction appear to function as mediation and moderating variables, alleviating negative effects of excessive workload on mental and physical competence. Interpreting these results, the court needs to make an institutional effort to properly manage judicial workload and to strengthen intrinsic job motivation. There are qualitative and quantitative aspects of workload. Qualitative aspects are hard to be assessed. But when we assess and manage the quantitative aspects, it would be possible to approach the qualitative aspects in an indirect way. This study identify influencing factors and relevant indicators to estimate judicial workload in this light. On a pilot-basis, the trial data of sample courts(Civil Settlement Divisions of the Seoul Central District Court) was analyzed to test available indicators and to examine the possibility of workload estimation model. After analysing the time to process cases and the amount of trial materials to review, it was found that the increase in the amount of trial materials outweighs the increase in the number of days required to process cases. When there is no extraneous variable, this finding could be interpreted that judges have invested more energy to process the cases, and thus prevented the probability of more prolonged processing period. This study is an introductory research to facilitate further discussion and develop effective policies. For that objective, although rather in a rough and crude way, various qualitative and quantitative approaches were made to identify and assess the judicial workload. Having in mind that judicial performance is in line with reasonable judicial workload, the authorities should give heed to this subject. The problem of excessive judicial workload awaits better answer.

Development of an EEG-based workload measurement method in nuclear power plants

Choi, Moon Kyoung,Lee, Seung Min,Ha, Jun Su,Seong, Poong Hyun Elsevier 2018 Annals of nuclear energy Vol.111 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The environment of main control rooms of large scale process control systems such as nuclear power plants (NPPs) has been changed from the conventional analog type to the digital type. In digitalized advanced main control rooms, human operators conduct highly cognitive work rather than physical work compared to the case of the original control rooms in NPPs. Various operating support systems (OSSs) have been developed to reduce an operator’s workload. Most representative techniques to evaluate the workload are based on subjective ratings. However, there are some limitations including the possibility of skewed results due to self-assessment of the workload and the impossibility of continuously measuring the workload due to freezing simulation for workload assessment. As opposed to subjective ratings techniques, physiological techniques can be used for objective and continuous measurements of a human operator’s mental status by sensing the physiological changes of the autonomic or central nervous system. In this study, electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to measure the operator’s mental workload because it had been proven to be sensitive to variations of mental workload in other studies, and it allows various types of analysis. Based on various research reviews on the characteristics of brainwaves, EEG-based Workload Index (EWI) was suggested and validated through experiments. As a result, EWI is concluded to be valid for measuring an operator’s mental workload and preferable to subjective techniques. Furthermore, EWI was applied to evaluate the effects of OSSs on human operators through experiments. Finally, it is expected that the results of this study can be used to measure the operator’s workload in NPPs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A human operator’s workload in nuclear power plants(NPPs) usually has been evaluated by using subjective ratings. </LI> <LI> Subjective rating techniques have several weaknesses such as dependence on the operator’s memory as well as bias. </LI> <LI> We suggested an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based workload index for measuring the workload of human operators. </LI> <LI> The suggested index was applied to evaluate the effects of operating support systems. </LI> </UL> </P>

법관 업무부담 및 그 영향요인에 관한 연구

홍보람(Boram, Hong) 사법정책연구원 2021 사법정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.2021 No.17

법관이 최적의 업무수행 역량을 발휘할 수 있기 위해서는 업무부담을 적정 수준으로 관리하는 일이 필수적이다. 법관이 업무에 지속적으로 몰입할 수 있는 환경이 보장되어야 적정하고 충실한 재판, 쉽고 편안한 재판으로 설명되는 ‘좋은 재판’이 가능하다. ‘좋은 재판’은 공정하고 신속한 재판을 받을 수 있는 국민의 헌법상 권리와도 결부되기에, 법관의 업무부담 수준을 적정하게 관리하여 법원이 보다 우수한 양질의 사법서비스를 사회에 제공하는 밑바탕이 마련될 수 있도록 많은 관심을 기울일 필요가 있다. 이러한 관점에서, 본 연구는 법관의 업무부담 현황을 확인하고 그에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 실증적으로 검토하였다. 법관 업무부담을 총체적으로 이해하기 위하여, 심층 인터뷰 등 질적 연구방법과 설문조사 분석 등 계량적 연구방법을 활용한 종합적인 접근방식을 취하였다. 실증연구 결과, 근무시간이 더 길고 야근·주말근무 빈도가 높은 법관들일수록, 신체·정신적 측면에서 업무수행 역량에 부정적 영향을 받고 직무만족도가 저하된다는 상관관계가 드러났다. 또한 통계분석 결과, 법관으로서의 삶에 대한 만족도, 법원에 대해서 느끼는 소속감·연대감, 법관 정년까지 재직할 의향이 강한 법관들은 과중한 업무부담로 야기되는 부정적 효과가 다소 상쇄되는 것으로 나타나 해당 변수들의 매개·조절 효과가 확인되었다. 이러한 분석이 법원에 시사하는 점은, 법관의 업무수행 역량을 최적의 수준으로 유지하기 위하여 양적 측면의 업무부담을 적정하게 경감·관리할 필요가 있다는 것과 함께, 법관의 직무만족도와 직업적 자긍심을 강화할 수 있는 방안을 모색하면서 법관의 내적 직무동기를 높이기 위한 노력을 기울일 필요가 있다는 것이다. 또한 심층인터뷰 및 설문조사에서, 법관들은 결정 부담과 같은 질적 측면의 업무부담과 과도한 업무시간과 같은 양적 측면의 업무부담을 동시에 체감하고 있음이 확인되었다. 질적 부담은 정확하게 계측하기 어려우나, 양적 부담을 적정 수준으로 경감함으로써 질적 부담의 간접적 완화가 가능하다. 이러한 맥락에서 양적 업무부담을 평가하는 계량적 지표 (indicator)의 설정 및 해당 지표를 활용한 업무부담 모델(안) 구성을 검토할 수 있다. 물론, 다층적·복합적 개념인 업무부담을 양적 측면에서만 접근하는 것은 일정한 한계가 있음은 유의해야 한다. 본 연구는 설문조사에서 활용 가능한 업무부담 지표의 후보군을 검토하였고, 그 중 ‘검토해야 하는 사건기록의 분량’ 등을 시범 지표로 활용하여 대표성을 지닌 표본 재판부(서울중앙지방법원 민사합의재판부)에서 처리한 사건들을 분석하였다. 연구의 현실적 한계상 한정된 시범 지표를 활용하여 표본 재판부의 사건자료 분량 및 사건처리 소요일수 등의 재판 데이터를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 사건처리 소요일수 증가 수준에 비해, 법관이 검토해야 하는 자료의 분량이 더 큰 폭으로 증가했음을 확인하였다. 사건처리 소요시간이 예년에 비하여 다소 길어졌으나 법관들이 검토하는 자료의 증가폭은 이를 더 상회하였다는 사실은, 다른 변인이 개입해 있지 않는다면, 법관들이 동일한 기간 더 많은 업무량을 소화하였다는 것으로 해석 가능하다. 즉, 검토 자료가 대폭 늘어남으로써 당초 더욱 길어졌을 수도 있는 사건처리 기간 장기화 문제를, 법관들이 더 많은 업무량을 소화함으로써 일정 수준 이하로 낮춘 예방적 효과가 있음을 의미한다. 만약 법관들이 실질적으로 더 높은 강도로 근무하지 않았더라면 사건처리 기간은 현재 수치보다 더욱 악화되었을 것으로 추정된다. 이 연구는 법관 업무부담에 관한 생산적 논의를 촉진하기 위한 시론적(試論的) 연구로서, 다소 거칠고 투박하지만 실증적 자료를 형성하기 위하여 인터뷰, 설문조사, 표본재판부 분석 등의 방법을 활용하였다. 이 보고서의 내용은 시론적 연구라는 한계를 가지나, 연구 내용을 기초로 보다 발전적인 논의를 전개한다면 업무부담 문제를 개선할 해결책을 발견할 수 있을 것이다. 법관 업무부담에 관한 논의는, 종국적으로는 보다 좋은 재판을 위한 노력의 일환으로서, 법원 및 정부와 국회를 비롯한 사회 전체의 관심과 노력이 필요하다. Reasonable judicial workload is a key element for providing a “decent trial” to the public. Judicial performance is closely related with physical and mental competence of judges. Judges weathered by the excessive workload would find difficulties in performing his or her duties with optimal competence. Managing judicial workload at an appropriate level results in a better judicial performance. In this regard, the right to a fair and speedy trial, and improving public trust and confidence in the judiciary is deeply relevant to judicial workload. Due to the discrepancy between the judicial demand and supply, however, judges are burdened with excessive workload. And this requests a proper response. The purpose of this study is to identify the current state of the judicial workload and assess relevant factors influencing it. To have a more comprehensive view on the subject, this study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research methods such as in-depth interview and statistical analysis of survey results. Empirical richness is a prerequisite to facilitate a productive discussion. The findings are two-fold. Excessive overtime work adversely affects judges, bring detrimental impact on physical and mental competence, and reducing job satisfaction. Whereas, intrinsic motivations such as solidarity and job satisfaction appear to function as mediation and moderating variables, alleviating negative effects of excessive workload on mental and physical competence. Interpreting these results, the court needs to make an institutional effort to properly manage judicial workload and to strengthen intrinsic job motivation.There are qualitative and quantitative aspects of workload. Qualitative aspects are hard to be assessed. But when we assess and manage the quantitative aspects, it would be possible to approach the qualitative aspects in an indirect way. This study identify influencing factors and relevant indicators to estimate judicial workload in this light. On a pilot-basis, the trial data of sample courts(Civil Settlement Divisions of the Seoul Central District Court) was analyzed to test available indicators and to examine the possibility of workload estimation model. After analysing the time to process cases and the amount of trial materials to review, it was found that the increase in the amount of trial materials outweighs the increase in the number of days required to process cases. When there is no extraneous variable, this finding could be interpreted that judges have invested more energy to process the cases, and thus prevented the probability of more prolonged processing period. This study is an introductory research to facilitate further discussion and develop effective policies. For that objective, although rather in a rough and crude way, various qualitative and quantitative approaches were made to identify and assess the judicial workload. Having in mind that judicial performance is in line with reasonable judicial workload, the authorities should give heed to this subject. The problem of excessive judicial workload awaits better answer.

자율주행 상황에서 제어권 전환 요청 시기가 운전자 작업부하에 미치는 영향

윤용덕(Yong Deok Yun),명노해(Rohae Myung) 대한인간공학회 2019 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.38 No.2

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Takeover Request Lead Time (TORlt) to Driver Workload in conditionally autonomous driving (CAD). Background: Takeover request (TOR) is important issue in conditionally autonomous driving. A human driver must be ready to take control of the vehicle when TOR is given. However, driver could be underload when autonomous driving lasts for a long time or be overload if NDRT (Non-driving related task) is highly demanding or TOR appears suddenly. Therefore, investigating driver workload in takeover situation is essential. This paper focuses on effects of TORlt to driver workload. Method: To investigate effects of TORlt to driver workload in CAD, experiment were conducted on the takeover situation through a driving simulator. Experiment were conducted on 7 levels of TORlt (3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60s) and ghost session. Also, the participants performed NDRT to assume CAD. During the experiments, subjective and physiological workload was measured by DALI (Driving Activity Load Index) and respiration rate respectively. Results: TORlt has a large effect on driver workload. When TORlt was 3 seconds, the subjective and objective workload was the highest. As TORlt increases, both of workload decreases. For subjective workload, there was a slight increase in workload when TORlt was long, but it was not statistically significant. For physiological workload, the workload continued to decline, but there was no statistically significant difference for longer TORlt In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between subjective workload and physiological workload. Therefore, subjective workload can be replaced by physiological workload in takeover situation. Conclusion: As TORlt increases, the driver workload decreases, but the difference is not significant if TORlt was long. Also, subjective workload measurement could be replaced by measuring physiological signals. Application: Through this paper, it has been found that physiological measure could be an alternative for measuring workload in autonomous vehicle. Therefore, in autonomous vehicles, sensors that measure physiological signals will be installed to determine the driver`s workload.

Multiple Measures of Driver Workload according to Takeover Request Lead Time in Conditionally Autonomous Driving

Yong Deok Yun,Hyung Seok Oh,Rohae Myung 대한인간공학회 2020 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.39 No.3

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Takeover request lead time (TORlt) on several measures of workload and dissociation among the measures. Background: Autonomous driving has received considerable attention and takeover request (TOR) is one of the major issues in autonomous driving. A human driver must be ready to transfer the control of the vehicle when TOR is given. Therefore, it is important how and when to request driver to transfer the control. In this regard, TORlt have received great attention and there are many existing scholarly works about effect of TORlt on takeover performance. Inappropriate TORlt make driver overload or underload and the abnormal workload deteriorate driver performance in takeover situation. Method: Experiment with driving simulator was conducted. TORlt was controlled in 7 levels (3s, 7s, 10s, 15s, 30s, 45s, 60s) and driver workload was measured by both subjective and physiological methods. Driving Activity Load Index (DALI) was conducted to measure subjective workload and respiration rate (RSP), heart rate (HR), and galvanic skin response (GSR) was used to measure objective workload. Results: TORlt had a significant effect on subjective workload. The result of subjective workload showed that workload and TORlt has a negative relationship. There was also a significant effect of TORlt on GSR. GSR was increased as TORlt increased because of frustration that made by long TORlt. On the other hand, there were no significant effects of TORlt on respiration rate and heart rate. Conclusion: As the workload changes according to TORlt, TORlt is an important factor to be considered in takeover situation. Moreover, multiple measures of workload should be used to investigate workload in takeover situation because there is dissociation among measures. Application: Workload could be used to evaluate takeover performance of drivers. The results of this paper suggest multiple measures including subjective methods and physiological signals be used to assess driver performance in takeover situation.

소방방화복과 공기호흡기 착용시 작업강도가 신체에 미치는 영향

방창훈,Bang. Chang-Hoon 한국방재학회 2012 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.12 No.5

본 연구에서는 소방방화복과 공기호흡기 착용시 작업강도에 따른 신체반응을 연구하여 소방공무원의 안전을 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 한다. 연구결과 평균피부온도차는 작업강도 4 METs의 경우 <TEX>$2.1^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 작업강도 8 METs의 경우 <TEX>$2.7^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 심박수는 작업강도 4 METs의 경우 분당 134.4회, 작업강도 8 METs의 경우 분당 169.7회로 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(p<.05), 호흡수는 작업강도 4 METs의 경우가 분당 32.4회, 작업강도 8 METs의 경우가 분당 37.6회로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 체중감소는 작업강도 4 METs의 경우 0.2 kg, 작업강도 8 METs의 경우 0.5 kg로 작업강도가 높은 경우가 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<.05). 이상의 결과 작업강도의 증가가 신체에 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. The aim of study intends to investigate effects of workload on human body wearing fire protective clothing and respirator and to provide the base data for the safety of firefighter. The results of the study are as follows; Mean skin temperature appeared <TEX>$2.1^{\circ}C$</TEX> under workload 4 METs and <TEX>$2.7^{\circ}C$</TEX> under workload 8 METs and the results were not statistically significant. Heart rate appeared 134.4 bpm under workload 4 METs and 169.7 bpm under workload 8 METs and the results were statistically significant. Respiration Rate showed 32.4 bpm under workload 4 METs and 37.6 bpm under workload 8 METs and the results were not statistically significant. Weight Loss showed 0.2 kg under workload 4 METs and 0.5 kg under workload 8 METs and the results were statistically significant. It was concluded that physiological responses of human body varied considerably and reflected by increase of workload.

비정상 항공기가 항공교통관제사에게 미치는 영향에 대한 연구(상황인식과 업무부하를 중심으로)

전정대,이영혁,최연철 한국항공운항학회 2009 한국항공운항학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Due to the lack of navigable airspace caused by worldwide air traffic increases, air traffic control(ATC) services are becoming more complex, which results in the increase of aircraft accidents. To cope with these challenges, major aviation institutes abroad are actively conducting research regarding the human factors affecting controllers but as of late, no such specialized activities have been found in Korea. Due to the dynamic attributes of ATC operations, management of controller's situation awareness(SA) and workload, and knowledge on the impact of abnormal aircraft to controllers are very important. Furthermore, using actual flight data of each country will lead to valuable results, because individually, it has different airspace characteristics and air traffic volumes. This study assumed that air traffic difficulties would affect the controller's SA and workload. To testify the above hypothesis, the abnormal air traffic situations are simulated by using ATC simulator. The findings indicated that the effect of traffic situations containing abnormal aircraft on the controller's SA and workload, it led to demand increase and supply decrease in SA, and increased mental demand, temporal demand, effort and mean workload score in the workload. Due to the lack of navigable airspace caused by worldwide air traffic increases, air traffic control(ATC) services are becoming more complex, which results in the increase of aircraft accidents. To cope with these challenges, major aviation institutes abroad are actively conducting research regarding the human factors affecting controllers but as of late, no such specialized activities have been found in Korea. Due to the dynamic attributes of ATC operations, management of controller's situation awareness(SA) and workload, and knowledge on the impact of abnormal aircraft to controllers are very important. Furthermore, using actual flight data of each country will lead to valuable results, because individually, it has different airspace characteristics and air traffic volumes. This study assumed that air traffic difficulties would affect the controller's SA and workload. To testify the above hypothesis, the abnormal air traffic situations are simulated by using ATC simulator. The findings indicated that the effect of traffic situations containing abnormal aircraft on the controller's SA and workload, it led to demand increase and supply decrease in SA, and increased mental demand, temporal demand, effort and mean workload score in the workload.

GPU 작업 배치의 효율화를 위한 자원 이용률 상세 분석

박윤주,신동희,조경운,반효경 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2019 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.19 No.1

Recently, GPU expands application domains from graphic processing to various kinds of parallel workloads. However, current GPU systems focus on the maximization of each workload’s parallelism through simplified control rather than considering various workload characteristics. This paper classifies the resource usage characteristics of GPU workloads into computing-bound, memory-bound, and dependency-latency-bound, and quantifies the fine-grained bottleneck for efficient workload allocation. For example, we identify the exact bottleneck resources such as single function unit, double function unit, or special function unit even for the same computing-bound workloads. Our analysis implies that workloads can be allocated together if fine-grained bottleneck resources are different even for the same computing-bound workloads, which can eventually contribute to efficient workload allocation in GPU. 최근 GPU가 그래픽 처리뿐 아니라 다양한 분야의 병렬 처리로 그 영역을 넓혀가고 있다. 그러나, 현재 GPU는 워크로드의 다양성을 반영하기보다 간결한 제어 구조를 통한 개별 워크로드의 병렬성 극대화에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 본 논문은 워크로드 특성을 반영한 GPU 작업 배치를 위해 GPU에서 수행되는 워크로드의 자원 사용 특성을 컴퓨팅 바운드형, 메모리 바운드형, 실행종속 지연형으로 분류한 후, 각 분류에서 병목점이 되는 세부 자원을 규명한다. 예를 들어 컴퓨팅 바운드형의 경우 단정밀도 연산장치, 배정밀도 연산장치, 특수함수 연산장치 등 병목 자원이 무엇인지 분석한다. 본 논문의 분석 결과는 동일한 컴퓨팅 바운드형 워크로드라도 병목이 되는 세부 자원이 다를 경우 함께 배치하는 것이 성능 충돌을 일으키지 않는다는 점을 규명하여 GPU 작업배치의 효율화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Driver Workload Characteristics Analysis Using EEG Data From an Urban Road

Hyun Suk Kim,Yoonsook Hwang,Daesub Yoon,Wongeun Choi,Cheong Hee Park IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation sy Vol.15 No.4

<P>The main cause of traffic accidents is drivers' human errors such as cognitive, judgment, and execution errors. To mitigate drivers' human errors, research on the measurement and quantification of driver workload as well as the development of smart vehicles is needed. Drivers' behavior while driving includes driving straight, turning left or right, U-turns, rapid acceleration, rapid deceleration, and changing lanes. To measure and quantify a driving workload, both the subjective workload and the behavior workload caused by varied driving behaviors should be taken into account on the basis of understanding the visual, auditory, cognitive, and psychomotor characteristics of the driving workload. In this paper, we analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected through an urban road driving test. To overcome large deviations of EEG values among drivers, we used EEG variation rates instead of raw EEG values. We extracted five kinds of behavior sections from the data: left-turn section, right-turn section, rapid-acceleration section, rapid-deceleration section, and lane-change section. We then selected a reference section for each of these behavior sections and compared EEG values from the behavior sections with those from the reference sections to calculate the EEG variation rates, after which we made the statistical analysis. The analysis results of this study are being used to explain the cognitive characteristics of a driving workload caused by drivers' behavior in the vehicle information system, which will provide information for safe driving by taking into account the driving workload.</P>