Men, Work, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Depression in Male-dominated Industries and Occupations

Ann M. Roche,Ken Pidd,Jane A. Fischer,Nicole Lee,Anje Scarfe,Victoria Kostadinov 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2016 Safety and health at work Vol.7 No.4

Among men, depression is often unrecognised and untreated. Men employed in male-dominated industries and occupations may be particularly vulnerable. However, efforts to develop tailored workplace interventions are hampered by lack of prevalence data. A systematic review of studies reporting prevalence rates for depression in male dominated workforce groups was undertaken. Studies were included if they were published between 1990 - June 2012 in English, examined adult workers in male-dominated industries or occupations (> 70% male workforce), and used clinically relevant indicators of depression. Twenty studies met these criteria. Prevalence of depression ranged from 0.0% to 28.0%. Five studies reported significantly lower prevalence rates for mental disorders among male-dominated workforce groups than comparison populations, while six reported significantly higher rates. Eight studies additionally found significantly higher levels of depression in male-dominated groups than comparable national data. Overall, the majority of studies found higher levels of depression among workers in male-dominated workforce groups. There is a need to address the mental health of workers in male-dominated groups. The workplace provides an important but often overlooked setting to develop tailored strategies for vulnerable groups.

Men, Work, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Depression in Male-dominated Industries and Occupations

Roche, Ann M.,Pidd, Ken,Fischer, Jane A.,Lee, Nicole,Scarfe, Anje,Kostadinov, Victoria Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2016 Safety and health at work Vol.7 No.4

Among men, depression is often unrecognised and untreated. Men employed in male-dominated industries and occupations may be particularly vulnerable. However, efforts to develop tailored workplace interventions are hampered by lack of prevalence data. A systematic review of studies reporting prevalence rates for depression in male dominated workforce groups was undertaken. Studies were included if they were published between 1990 - June 2012 in English, examined adult workers in male-dominated industries or occupations (> 70% male workforce), and used clinically relevant indicators of depression. Twenty studies met these criteria. Prevalence of depression ranged from 0.0% to 28.0%. Five studies reported significantly lower prevalence rates for mental disorders among male-dominated workforce groups than comparison populations, while six reported significantly higher rates. Eight studies additionally found significantly higher levels of depression in male-dominated groups than comparable national data. Overall, the majority of studies found higher levels of depression among workers in male-dominated workforce groups. There is a need to address the mental health of workers in male-dominated groups. The workplace provides an important but often overlooked setting to develop tailored strategies for vulnerable groups.

김동인 <감자>의 영화화에 따른 여성욕망 재현의 변모양상

박혜경 인문사회 21 2022 인문사회 21 Vol.13 No.6

김동인 <감자>의 영화화에 따른 여성욕망 재현의 변모양상박 혜 경* 연구 목적: 본 연구는 김동인 소설 <감자>의 영화화 과정에서 여성욕망의 재현방식과 그에 따른 변화과정에 대해 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 방법: 본고는 감자의 원작과 영화화된 작품을 세 시기로 나누어, 각각의 시대별로 나타난 여성욕망 구조의 변화를 비교하고, 그에 따른 남성 지배 이데올로기의 영향관계를 분석하였다. 연구 내용: 1장에서는 감자의 원작과 원작이 영화화 되었던 시대의 배경을 전반적으로 분석하고, 2장에서는 1920년대에 드러난 여성욕망의 양상을 고찰해 보았다. 3장에서는 1960년대 김승옥 감독이 촬영한 영화에서 여성의 욕망과 남성 지배 이데올로기 양상의 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 4장에서는 1980년대 변장호 감독의 영화에 묘사된 여성 및 가부장적 이데올로기의 욕망을 비교 분석하고, 사회문화적 양상의 변화를 살펴보았다. 결론 및 제언: 소설 감자가 영화로 매체 전이된 과정에서 여성욕망과 남성 지배 이데올로기가 시대별로 양상을 달리하며, 사회문화의 변화에 영향을 받는 과정을 살펴볼 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 매체 전이 과정에서 드러나는 ‘남성의 성 정치’ 문제도 앞으로 더 연구해볼 가치가 있다. 핵심어: 김동인 감자, 여성욕망, 남성 지배 이데올로기, 매체전이, 영화화 □ 접수일: 2022년 11월 11일, 수정일: 2022년 11월 24일, 게재확정일: 2022년 12월 20일* 홍익대학교 대학원 박사수료(Completion of Doctoral Course, Hongik Univ., Email: storyhole@naver.com) Kim Dong-in’s Transformation of Representation ofWomen’s Desire Following the Filmization of PotatoHyekyoung Park Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the method of representation of women’s desire and the process of change in the process of filmmaking of Kim Dong-in’s novel Potato. This paper divides the original and filmized works of Gamja into three periods, compares the changes in the structure of women’s desires in each period, and analyzes the influence relationship of male-dominated ideology. In Chapter 1, I analyzed the original story of the potato and the background of the era when the original was made into a movie. In Chapter 2, I looked at the aspects of women’s desires revealed in the 1920s. Chapter 3 compares and analyzes the changes in women’s desire and male domination ideology in films shot by director Kim Seung-ok in the 1960s. Chapter 4 compares and analyzes the desires of women and patriarchal ideology depicted in director Byun Jang-ho’s films in the 1980s, and examines changes in socio-cultural aspects. This thesis is meaningful in that it can examine the process by which women’s desire and male domination ideology change by era in the process of converting the novel potato into a film and are affected by changes in social and culture. In addition, the issue of ‘male sexual politics’ revealed in the process of media transfer is worth further research in the future. Key Words: Dongin Kim’s Potato, Female Desire, Patriarchy, Dominant Male Ideology, Male Dominance, Film Adaptation

남성중심 직업을 선택한 여성들의 심리사회적인 경험에 대한 내러티브 탐구

양지웅 한국여성심리학회 2016 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.21 No.4

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of women who work in male-dominated occupations. The participants consisted of four women from the following male-dominated careers: an engineering researcher, a steel engineer, a police officer, and a fire fighter. A narrative inquiry was used to deeply understand and analyze the participants’ experiences. Based on analyses, two main narratives were derived; the negative experiences of women in male-dominated occupations and the needs for living as women in male-dominated occupations. Regarding adaptation to the workplace, the narratives reveal experiences of gender discrimination, a male-centered organizational culture, and subsequent psychological difficulties. The participants expressed frustration over the lack of adequate alternative measures or policies to resolve these problems that ultimately lead to a passive response. In spite of their frustrations as women working in male-dominated careers, the participants emphasized the need to engage in workplace competition and make an special effort to improve their personal position at work. The participants also provide recommendations and suggestions to women who wish to choose the male-dominated careers. They emphasize the need to work hard in order to succeed, coupled with aggressiveness, an enterprising spirit, and a willingness to take risks. These findings reveal a need to further strengthen policies to support women entering into male-dominated careers and the further effort required to achieve gender equality in the workplace. Implications of the findings, suggestions for female career counseling, limitations, and directions for future research were discussed.

남성중심적 직업을 희망하는 여자대학생들의 직업결정과정: 근거이론 접근

김영실,임성문 한국여성심리학회 2011 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.16 No.3

In Korea, recent women's educational standard is more higher than any other period but rate of using human resources is the lowest level among the OECD nations. As the reason of this phenomenon, the career choice attract attention. Traditionally, job is classified female-dominated job from male-dominated job, and most women still avoid male-dominated job. If this unequal concentrated phenomenon is relieved, diversity using of human resource will be available. For the purpose, this study try to determine the experience structure and the career decision-making process of the female undergraduate who want the male-dominated job through the qualitative study method, and to determine factors that work negative or positive on the process to use for the career consult. Grounded theory based data analyses resulted in 61 concepts, 27 sub-categories, and 12 categories from the recorded data of 8 female undergraduates who want the male-dominated job. The core category was “For the special life, keeping challenging with the will”. A paradigm model consist of the casual condition, central phenomenon, contextual condition, intervening condition, actions/reactions and the result was proposed. And the participants went through five stages with time in their career decision-making process: the stage of awareness about the trait and aspiration, the stage of internal determination, the stage of support and accept, the stage of challenge and overcome, and the stage of affirmation and confidence. Implications of the findings and suggestions for the future research are discussed.

상징폭력과 의식고양 : 『작은 변화들』

조애리(Ai-Lee Cho) 신영어영문학회 2006 신영어영문학 Vol.33 No.-

This article examines Marge Piercy’s Small Changes in terms of Bourdieu’s symbolic violence and consciousness-raising of 70s’ feminists. Symbolic violence builds on the binary logic and ultimately connects a more fundamental polarity: the dominant/dominated paired opposition. The vertical classification of male/female becomes internalized into the cognitive structure of women, who, in turn, reproduce male domination. Consciousness-raising begins with the unmasking of symbolic violence that legitimize and hide male domination. Small Changes is an attempt to produce in fiction an equivalent of a full experience in a consciousness-raising group. Piercy takes pains with her story to show us how feminity is socially constructed: how gender socialization is the process through which women internalize male domination. While traditional novel shows life patterns resolved by marriage, this novel subverts these patterns.

국방조직에서의 성-고정관념과 여성군무원에 대한 평가 : 남녀 시각차이를 중심으로

원숙연 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2012 여성학논집 Vol.29 No.1

There is an increase in female officials into military organizations identified as masculinity not only in terms of sex ratio, but also in terms of work identity. Under the context, this study starts with the recognition that women will be suffered from negative evaluation based on sex role stereotypes and sexist treatment, in spite of female participation in military organizations, without any changes in prevailed gender role stereotypes, appreciating masculinity. Based on the recognition, this study addresses the following questions; To what extent is sexist recognition shared in military organizations? To what extent are measures for gender equality accepted in military organizations dominated by masculinity? How are female military officials perceived in comparison to male military officials? In what ways do the gender differences in perception of female military officials exist? What are their gendered implications? In order to do so, this study conducts survey with 351 military officials in military organizations consists of the army, the navy, the air force and Department of National Defense. Findings are the follow. Firstly, regarding gender role stereotypes, perception of measures for gender equality, and ability of female military officials, there are big perception gaps between female and male military officials. In particular, male show a strongly gender typed perception in comparison between men and women. They show the fact that gender typed evaluation is still tenacious, in spite of change in social recognition of gender role, gender sensitive education, women's advancement in diverse sphere and so on. Secondly, gender difference in recognition of measures for gender equality is relatively low in comparison to gender stereotypes. However, concerning affirmative action, male show comparatively negative perception. That is mainly because of the nature of affirmative action as a redistributive measure impling zero sum relations between female and male. Thirdly, men show relatively positive perception of cultural adaptation of female military official to masculine culture, whereas female show difficulties of adaption to the masculine culture. Lastly, male identify the main role of female military officials as supporters or assistants. Naturally, they do not think any relation between power(or decision making) and female military officials. Gendered implications of the findings are deeply discussed. 본 연구는 구성원의 남녀비율이나 업무의 정체성 모두 ‘남성적’으로 규정되는 국방조직을 대상으로 다음의 물음에 대한 답을 찾는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 국방조직에서 성차별적 인식의 구조는 어떠한가? 남성이 지배적인 국방조직에 여성이 증가함에 따라 필요한 조치나 제도에 대한 용인의 정도는 어떠한가? 함께 일하는 여성에 대한 일반적인 평가 및 업무방식에 대한 평가는 어떠한가? 이러한 인식이나 평가에 있어서 남성과 여성 간 차이는 어떤 방식으로 존재하는가? 이를 위해 본 연구는 낮은 접근성에도 불구하고, 국방조직에 근무하는 351명의 남녀 군무원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 성-고정관념 및 성-평등의식, 여성군무원에 대한 일반적 평가와 구체적인 평가 모두에서 성별차이가 현격하게 존재하였다. 특히, 남성은 성-고정관념 중 남녀 간 우열에 강한 동의를 표하였으며, 여성자체에 대한 평가보다는 여성과 남성에 대한 비교에서 더 고정관념적 평가를 하였다. 둘째, 성-평등 실현을 위한 방안에 대한 남녀 간 인식의 차이는 성-고정관념에 비해서는 낮게 나타났다. 다만, 남성은 여성을 대상으로 한 적극적 조치에 대해서는 소극적인 입장을 보였는데, 이는 적극적 조치가 남성이해를 침해할지도 모른다는 우려가 반영된 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 남성은 여성군무원의 조직문화적응능력을 긍정적으로 평가한 데 반해 여성은 남성문화에의 적응을 상대적으로 낮게 평가하였다. 또한, 남성은 여군무원의 증원필요성에 대해 상대적으로 부정적인 인식을 보였고, 권력과 연계된 여성군무원의 통제력을 상대적으로 약하게 평가하였다.

문화학 : 예외상태로서의 박정희 시대와 남성 주체의 형성 - 최인호의 초기작을 중심으로 -

김은하 ( Eun Ha Kim ) 조선대학교 인문학연구소 2016 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.51

유신체제기 한국 문학이 주로 박정희 시대를 기적에 가까운 생산도구의 개선을 가져왔지만 그 과정에서 자연과 인간의 삶이 근대화라는 ‘악마의 맷돌’에 으깨어지는 파국적 경험으로 포착하고 있다면 최인호 소설의 위치는 다소 독특하다. 그는 청년문화세대의 기수로 다양한 취향, 습속, 문화의 향유를 개인의 권리로 내세움으로써 박정희 시대의 통치성과 충돌한다. 최인호의 문학은 박정희 시대 통치성의 핵심인 생명정치의 작동대상이 된 남성의 육체를 포착함으로써 그간 전체주의, 파시즘이라는 거대한 개념들에 가려져 잘 알려지지 않았던 문화정치와 성정치 등 억압적인 시대의 속살을 드러낸다. 박정희 시대에 새로운 인간의 창조 혹은 개조라는 측면에서 신체 정치의 기획이 광범위하게 이루어졌다는 점은 주지의 사실이다. 인간개조 프로젝트는 남과 여를 구분하지 않았지만 여성보다 남성이 사회의 주역으로 여겨졌으며, 건강한 육체는 지배적 남성성의 관념을 구성하는 중핵이었다. 최인호가 문단에 데뷔한 문제작을 선보인 60년대 말부터 1970년대에 이르는 시간은 국가가 법의 이름으로 폭력을 독점하고 사람들의 주거, 신체, 일상, 문화, 내면을 전횡적으로 통제한 ‘비상사태’가 일상이 된 시대였다. 초법적 명령으로서 긴급조치는 국가권력이 법적 질서를 파괴하면서 만들어낸 예외상태였다. 유신체제는 위계질서를 중시함으로써 각 개인의 개별화를 엄폐하고 개성을 잘못된 독단, 비뚤어짐의 징후, 타락으로 치부함으로써 대중지배를 꾀했다. 박정희 정권은 국가 자체가 군대가 되어 군사화된 개인, 군인인 남성을 국가의 유일한 성원으로 제시하고, 군사문화를 자연질서인 양 몸에 익히도록 강제함으로써 ‘지배적 남성성’을 만들어갔다. 지배적 남성성은 일종의 스테레오 타입으로 자리잡아 비헤게모니적 남성성에 대한 배제를 통해 확인되는데, 청년과 하위계급 남성 등 주변부 남성성은 고결함을 결여하고 있다고 간주되었다. 규율권력이 강화되던 60년대 후반부터 70년대 초반을 배경으로 한 최인호의 소설들은 지배적 남성성에 미달하거나 혹은 그것으로부터 탈주하는 남성의 경험을 서사화한다. Under the revitalizing reform system, the Korean literature had prescribed the Park Chung Hee era as the catastrophic experience in which nature and human life had been mashed by ‘the milestone of the devil’ called as modernization, even if production tool had been developed little short of miraculous in the era, on the other hand, the position of Choi In Ho‘ work is a little bit particular. He has clashed against governmentality of the Park Chung Hee era as a leader of youth culture generation, as asserting various tastes, convention and enjoying culture for individual right. The Choi In Ho‘ literature has showed bare skin of the repressive era such as cultural rule and gender politics that were not known well because it was surrounded in the massive concept of fascism and totaitariarism, as capturing the male’s body that became a target of operation for live politics that was a key in the rule of the Park Chung Hee era. In the Park Chung Hee era, it is very true in that the project of body politics was performed widely on the side of creating a new man or transforming. The project of transforming a man didn‘t distinguish between man and woman, but man was considered as the leading role in the society and an healthy body was the core of the resisted male concepts. The time from the end of 60‘ to 70’ when Choi In Ho debuted on the literary world and showed off a controversial work. The emergency measure out of the law was an exception that was made by the power of the state destroying the rule of law. The revitalizing reforms system tried to control the public, as cutting off an individual style and treating it as a dogma, a sign of a crocked mind and corruption against the order of rank. The Park Chung Hee regime presented a militarized male, a soldier male as a unique member of the state that became its military, made ‘dominant masculinity’ as laying the public under military culture. As dominant masculinity settled down as a kind of stereotype, it could be seen while excluding anti-hegemonic masculinity, so it considered that minor man on the periphery of dominant masculinity, such as young man and subordinates, didn‘t have high-minded. The Choi In Ho‘s works, having the background from the end of 60’ to the beginning of 70‘ when rule power strengthened, described the experiences of the man that was lack of dominant masculinity or escaped from it.

남녀관리자의 경력성공 모형 비교

강혜련(Hye-Ryun Kang),조미영(Mi-Young Cho) 한국인사ㆍ조직학회 2007 인사조직연구 Vol.15 No.2

본 연구는 남녀 관리자들을 대상으로 이들의 경력성공에 영향을 미친 요인들은 무엇이며, 이들 변수 간 관계의 구조가 남녀 간에 어떻게 다른지를 구조방정식모형을 통해 비교해보았다. 경력성공의 개념에는 객관적 관점에서 평가할 수 있는 직급과 급여 그리고 주관적 관점인 경력만족을 포함시켰다. 경력성공에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 조직차원 변수와 함께 개인차원 변수도 고려하였다. 자료 수집을 위해 남녀관리자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 남성관리자 188부와 여성관리자 197부가 최종적으로 분석에 사용되었다. 분석결과, 남성중심 조직문화가 남성과 달리 여성들의 경력개발 핵심 요소인 다양한 직무경험, 훈련 및 개발 기회, 멘토링 구축에 부정적 영향을 미쳤다. 직무경험 다양성이 경력성공에 미치는 영향을 보면, 남성의 경우는 경력만족은 물론 직급과 임금에도 정(+)적인 효과를 보였지만 여성의 경우는 경력만족에만 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 훈련 및 개발 기회는 경력만족, 직급, 임금 등에 모두 직접적으로 정(+)적인 영향을 미쳐 남녀 관리자의 경력성공에서 가장 중요한 핵심적 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 한편 개인적 차원인 남성적 특질의 경우, 여성에게는 멘토링 경험과 경력만족에, 남성에게는 경력만족과 직급에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 근속년수는 남녀관리자 모두 직급과 임금 수준에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 직장-가정 갈등의 경우, 근속년수에 미치는 영향은 남녀관리자 간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 여성은 직장-가정 갈등이 근속년수에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 반면, 남성에게는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 관리자의 경력성공을 예측하는 다양한 요인들을 포함하는 통합적 모형을 제시하고 변수들의 구조적 특성을 남녀 간에 비교함으로서, 인적자원관리 측면에서 여성의 경력개발에 도움을 줄 실무적 시사점을 제공하였다는 데서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다. In Korea, women’s routes to career success are likely to be different from those of men. To succeed, women need to overcome barriers that are imposed largely on women only, such as segregation in job areas and interrupted careers. A gender-specific model, therefore, is needed to explain properly the major factors of career success for women. Earlier works by Tharenou et al. (1994), Melamed (1995), and Kirchmeyer (1998) support this idea. Their results suggest that while some factors facilitate career success of both men and women, the effects of other factors are moderated by gender. Determinants of career success specifically of women have not been well established. Predictors of women’s managerial advancement largely fall under two categories: personal and situational. So far, only a few studies have simultaneously examined both personal and situational variables. In this study, we attempt to consider both in comparing career success models of female and male managers. We will examine what variables are influential and how the sequenced patterns of relationships are different between female and male managers. Career success encompasses subjective and objective aspects of achievement and progress of an individual in an organization or profession. In our study, “objective” career success is measured by salary and managerial level, and “subjective” success by personal satisfaction. A range of both situational and individual variables are accordingly used as predictors. Male-dominated organizational culture is a critical feature influencing the processes of managerial success for both men and women. Studies on organizational culture have repeatedly shown the intimate relationship between the organizational culture and various discriminatory practices or behaviors. This perspective finds echoes in many Korean companies. Corporate organizations are largely male-dominated, and they tend to exaggerate women’s differences from men and exclude women from informal interaction where critical information is exchanged. Informal groups in Korean society center around educational, regional and military service backgrounds, which are essentially male-oriented attachments (Kang & Rowley, 2006). Thus, women are isolated in male-dominated networking systems and excluded from mentoring. Mentoring is important to an individual’s career success in an organization. Mentoring in organization can be viewed as a developmental relationship whereby senior-level employees provide substantial information regarding training opportunities and job placement to lower-level employees on an individual basis. Although stable mentor-mentee relationship is critical for the success of women, they face more barriers to obtaining a mentor than men. Functional mobility is also important, since employees moved to different jobs are often highly motivated. There tends to be a difference in the departments where men and women are concentrated; men are mainly placed in line jobs and women are placed in staff jobs. Different job assignments expose female employees to different facets of organizational power. It is therefore crucial for women to develop their careers in a company where functional mobility is encouraged, if not guaranteed. Opportunities as to training and development have a positive impact on managerial success, since they nurture and cultivate knowledge, skills, and credentials. Especially, for women, on-the-job training is an essential source of expertise in managerial skills. Yet women tend to have far less opportunity to gain expertise through job assignments and work experience than men. A group of “masculine” traits appear to be influential for women’s career success. For example, self-confidence and achievement-oriented mentality are likely to push women to seek developmental opportunities such as mentoring mor

三島文学における男性同性愛 女性登場人物の支配力をめぐって

李佳呟,(Lee, Ka-hyun) 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2018 일본연구 Vol.31 No.-

This paper reconsiders Mishima Yukio’s novel Kinjiki (Forbidden Colors, 1951) through a reading of it as a work which profoundly investigates gender relations and homosexuality, specifically by focusing on the dominant nature of the female protagonists in their relationships with the male characters. Kinjiki inarguably has the emotional and psychological issues surrounding homosexuality as its central theme, and it is in this context that the story develops around the two male protagonists Shunsuke and Yuichi. However, the novel does not describe the physical relationships involved in homosexuality, but instead depicts the emotions arising from such a relationship, such as obsession, jealousy, indifference and anguish. This work places homosexual and heterosexual relationships on the same spectrum, while reversing conventional gender roles. Consequently, in terms of gender relations, it has been said that this novel shows women exerting their subjective power in an organic way, in contrast to conventional assumptions about their capacities. However, this reading is at odds with the description in Mishima s novel of women as “subordinate” to men, and in fact some critics have argued that this view of women on the part of Mishima leads to his female characters being trapped in a way that is a reversal of their usual subjugation. There has been widespread attention paid to the fact that Kinjiki was written at a time when interest in and discourse on homosexuality had increased ex-ponentially, along with postwar sexual liberation, in which context male homosexual relationships were not differentiated as a special category, and such love was positioned as an extension of male-female relationships, and simply as another sort of human relationship. In contrast to this explicit discourse, the relationship between men and women in Mishima’s novels can help us comprehend the latent aspects of his oeuvre, which I believe should become an important theme of future studies of his work.