Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Possessing Anti-Influenza A/WS/33 Virus Activity

Hwa-Jung Choi 질병관리본부 2018 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.9 No.6

Osong Public Health Res Perspect > 9(6); 2018 > Article Original Article Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2018;9(6):348-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.6.09 Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Possessing Anti-Influenza A/WS/33 Virus Activity Hwa-Jung Choi* Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Gwangju, Korea *Corresponding author: Hwa-Jung Choi, Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Gwangju, South Korea, E-mail: rerived@kwu.ac.kr Received April 30, 2018 Revised November 23, 2018 Accepted November 27, 2018 Copyright ©2018, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/): This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Abstract Objectives This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. Methods There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils (100 μg/mL) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration (100 μg/mL) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC–MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. Conclusion This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.

Essential Oils의 항산화 활성 및 미백작용

임혜원 ( Hye-won Lim ),김주연 ( Ju-yeon Kim ) 대한화장품학회 2005 대한화장품학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Citrus essential oil (bergamot, grapefruit, lemon, mandarin, petigrain)이 B16 melanoma 세포에서 melanin 생성에 미치는 영향과 RBL 2H3 비만세포에서 ROS 생성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다 5 종류의 citrus essential oil은 DPPH 라디칼 소거와 세포 증식 및 독성에서 대조군에 비해 유의한 변화를 일으키질 않았다. 정제한 tyrosinase 활성에 있어서 mandarin과 petigrain essential oil은 유의하게 tyrosinase 활성을 억제하였으나 bergamot은 전혀 억제하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 mandarin과 petigrain essential oil이 tyrosinase 효소 억제 기전은 설명하지 못하지만 tyrosinase 효소에 직접적으로 작용하여 억제하는 것으로 보인다. B16 melanoma 세포에서 MSH에 의한 melanin 생성이 5 종류의 citrus essential oil에 의해 모두 농도 의존적으로 억제되었다. Bergamot essential oil은 tyrosinase 효소 활성을 직접적으로 억제하지는 못했지만 melanoma 세포에서 MSH에 의한 melanin 생성은 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 다른 4종류의 citrus essential oil도 모두 tyrosinase 효소 활성을 억제하였으며, MSH에 의한 melanin 생성도 억제하였다. 한편 DCF-DA를 이용한 ROS 생성에 있어서는 madarin essential oil은 ROS 생성에 이렇다 할 영향을 주지 않았지만 다른 4개의 essential oil (Bergamot, Grapefruit, Lemon, Petigrain)은 농도 의존적으로 ROS 생성을 증가시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 citrus essential oil은 MSH에 의한 melanin 생성을 억제하는 것으로 보아 미백제로서의 개발 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. This study is performed to investigate the effects of citrus essential oils on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RBL 2H3 cells. Five kinds of citrus essential oil (bergamot, grapefruit, lemmon, mandarin, petigrain) did not have any influence on DPPH radical scavenger activity, cell growth and cytotoxicity in B16 melanoma cells. In purified tyrosinase assay, both mandarin and petigrain essential oils dose-dependently inhibited its activity, but bergamot did not. In 1 μM α-MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma cells, all of 5 citrus essential oils inhibited melanin production in a dose dependent manner. On the other hand, four kinds of citrus essential oil dose-dependently increased ROS generation in RBL 2H3 mast cells, but mandarin did not. From the above results, it is possible that citrus essential oils nay be developed to be anti-melanogenic agent on the basis of their inhibitory effect on MSH-induced melanin production. Hut we can not rule out the possibility of the induction of allergy and inflammation since citrus essential oils caused ROS generation in RBL 2H3 mast cells.

Evaluation of Somaclonal Variation for Genetic Improvement of Patchouli ($Pogostemon$ $patchouli$), an Exclusively Vegetatively Propagated Aromatic Plant

Ravindra, Nagawara Seshagirirao,Ramesh, Srinivas Iyer,Gupta, Mahesh Kumar,Jhang, Tripta,Shukla, Ashutosh Kumar,Darokar, Mahendra Pandurang,Kulkarni, Raghavendra Narayanrao 한국작물학회 2012 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.15 No.1

Patchouli ($Pogostemon$ $patchouli$) is an important, exclusively vegetatively propagated aromatic plant, whose essential oil is widely used in perfumery and cosmetic products. Forty $SC_1$ generation (first generation following $in$ $vitro$ phase) somaclones selected randomly from about 400 somaclones developed from the variety Johore, were multiplied through stem cuttings and evaluated in $SC_2$ and $SC_3$ generations to study the extent of somaclonal variation generated for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and seven constituents of the essential oil. Significant or highly significant somaclonal variation was observed for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and contents of patchouli alcohol, ${\alpha}$-guaiene, ${\alpha}$,${\delta}$-patchoulene, and ${\alpha}$-bulnesene in the essential oil. The number of somaclones significantly superior to the parental variety for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, and patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil ranged from 8 - 16 and the maximum superiority over the parental variety for these traits ranged from 21 - 79%. Broad-sense heritability estimates of plant height, herb yield, and essential oil content were 0.60 - 0.70 while those of essential oil yield and patchouli alcohol content were 0.44 and 0.47, respectively. Heritability estimates of other studied essential oil constituents were generally low (0.12 - 0.38). A high positive correlation was observed between essential oil yield and herb yield suggesting that selection for herb yield would be effective in improving essential oil yield. Patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil was negatively correlated with all the studied traits. Somaclonal variation, heritabilities of traits, and inter-trait correlations are reported for the first time in patchouli.

Antioxidant Properties of 7 Domestic Essential Oils and Identification of Physiologically Active Components of Essential Oils against Candida albicans(식물정유 7종의 항산화능 분석 및 Candida albicans 생장 억제 정유의 생리활성 성분 구명)

( Sang-youn Lee ),( Da-song Lee ),( Seong-min Cho ),( Jong-chan Kim ),( Mi-jin Park ),( In-gyu Choi ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.1

In this study, we selected two essential oils, Citrus unshiu and Cinnamomum cassia with superior antioxidant effects from the essential oils of 7 wild plants in South Korea and examined their antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, which causes dermatitis to identify the antimicrobial components in the essential oils. As a result of measuring DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, SC₅₀ value of the Citrus unshiu essential oil was 0.010 mg/mL, while for the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, SC₅₀ value was 0.09 mg/mL. In addition, when ABTS (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity was measured, SC₅₀ value of the Citrus unshiu essential oil was 0.09 mg/mL, while for the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, it was 0.06 mg/mL, exhibiting high antioxidant activity. For the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the essential oil of Cinnamomum cassia was 1.25 mg/mL and that of Citrus unshiu was 5 mg/mL, demonstrating a high antimicrobial activity of the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil. Through the thin layer chromatography (TLC) bioassay, we assessed the antimicrobial activity against C. albicans according to the fraction components of the two essential oils. Also, by using preparative TLC (prep. TLC), we obtained the active fractions, and by performing GC/MS analysis of the components with the same R_f value, we identified the antimicrobial-active components. As a result, the main components having antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were cinnamyl acetate, eucalyptol, linalool, and citral of the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and linalool from the Citrus unshiu essential oil. Also, based on the analysis of the fractional components that showed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in both of the two essential oils, it was found that linalool has antioxidant activity, while cinnamyl acetate, eucalyptol, citral, and geranyl acetate have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Evaluation of Somaclonal Variation for Genetic Improvement of Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli), an Exclusively Vegetatively Propagated Aromatic Plant

Nagawara Seshagirirao Ravindra,Srinivas Iyer Ramesh,Mahesh Kumar Gupta,Tripta Jhang,Ashutosh Kumar Shukla,Mahendra Pandurang Darokar,Raghavendra Narayanrao Kulkarni 한국작물학회 2012 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.15 No.1

Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli) is an important, exclusively vegetatively propagated aromatic plant, whose essential oil is wide-ly used in perfumery and cosmetic products. Forty SC 1 generation (first generation following in vitro phase) somaclones selected ran-domly from about 400 somaclones developed from the variety Johore, were multiplied through stem cuttings and evaluated in SC 2and SC 3 generations to study the extent of somaclonal variation generated for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and seven constituents of the essential oil. Significant or highly significant somaclonal variation was observed for plant height, herb yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, and contents of patchouli alcohol, α-guaiene, α,δ-patchoulene, and α-bul-nesene in the essential oil. The number of somaclones significantly superior to the parental variety for plant height, herb yield, essen-tial oil content, and patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil ranged from 8 - 16 and the maximum superiority over the parental variety for these traits ranged from 21 - 79%. Broad-sense heritability estimates of plant height, herb yield, and essential oil content were 0.60 - 0.70 while those of essential oil yield and patchouli alcohol content were 0.44 and 0.47, respectively. Heritability esti-mates of other studied essential oil constituents were generally low (0.12 - 0.38). A high positive correlation was observed between essential oil yield and herb yield suggesting that selection for herb yield would be effective in improving essential oil yield. Patchouli alcohol content in the essential oil was negatively correlated with all the studied traits. Somaclonal variation, heritabilities of traits,and inter-trait correlations are reported for the first time in patchouli.

Essential oil pharmaceuticals for killing ectoparasites on dogs

Phacharaporn Tadee,Sunee Chansakaow,Pramote Tipduangta,Pakpoom Tadee,Pakasinee Khaodang,Kridda Chukiatsiri 대한수의학회 2024 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.25 No.1

Background: External parasites, particularly ticks and fleas, are among the most common problems affecting dogs. Chemical medicines are commonly used to prevent and eliminate such external parasites, but their improper use can cause adverse reactions, and the toxins they contain may remain in the environment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro efficacy of Zanthoxylum limonella, citronella, clove, peppermint, and ginger essential oils against dog ticks and fleas and to test the sensitivity of dogs’ skin to these essential oils. Methods: The five essential oils were tested for in vitro efficacy against ticks and fleas, and the two most effective essential oils were then tested on the dogs’ skin. Results: The results revealed that these five essential oils at 16% concentrations effectively inhibited the spawning of female engorged ticks. In addition, all five essential oils had a strong ability to kill tick larvae at concentrations of 2% upward. Furthermore, 4% concentrations of the five essential oils quickly eliminated fleas, especially clove oil, which killed 100% of fleas within 1 h. A 50%, 90%, and 99% lethal concentration (LC50, LC90, and LC99) for the essential oils on tick larvae in 24 h were found to be low values. LC50, LC90, and LC99 for the essential oils on flea in 1 h was lowest values. Clove oil at 16% concentration was the most satisfactory essential oil for application on dogs’ skin, with a low percentage of adverse effects. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of essential oils for practical use as tick and flea repellents and eliminators. Essential-oil-based pharmaceutical can replace chemical pesticides and provide benefits for both consumers and the environment.

구강 내 세균에 대한 Essential oil의 항균효과에 관한 연구

백병주,양연미,이경열,이용훈,김미아,김재곤,이선영 大韓小兒齒科學會 2009 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.36 No.1

Essential oils are mixture of volatile, lipophilic compounds originating from plants. Essential oils have potential biological effects, i.e., antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic and antiplasmodial activities and insect-repellent property. In this study, five essential oils, namely R, LG, FR, O, and NM, extracted from various aromatic plants were used to test their antimicrobial activity against the oral microorganisms. The effects of essential oils were investigated against eight important bacteria, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus sanguis (S. sanguis), Streptococcus anginosus (S. anginosus), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Essential oils, except NM, effectively inhibited the growth of tested oral pathogenic microorganisms dose-dependently. However, the essential oils didn’t show a significant inhibitory effect against E. coli and S. epidermidis. Consequently, these results represented that essential oil-mediated anti-microbial activity was prominent against the oral pathogenic bacteria. For example, minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) of R, LG, FR oil against A. actinomycetemcomitans was very low as 0.078 mg/mL. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of R, LG, FR, O oil against S. mutans was low as 0.156 mg/mL in vitro. Essential oil은 식물로부터 추출한 휘발성의 호지방성 화합물로서 essential oil은 잠재적으로 항균, 항진균, 진경련, 항말라리아성, 곤충퇴치능력 등의 생물학적 효과를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 방향식물에서 추출한 Citral, Pineole, Linalool, Eugenol, Limonene, Pinene 등으로 구성된 다섯종류의 essential oil을 사용하였으며, 여덟 군의 중요한 병원성 세균인 Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus), Streptococcus sanguis(S. sanguis), Streptococcus anginosus(S. anginosus), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(A. actinomycetem- comitans), Streptococcus sobrinus(S. sobrinus), Staphylococcus epidermidis(S. epidermidis), Esherichia coli (E. coli)에 대한 저항성으로서 항균능력을 평가하였다. Essential oil의 항균능력은 용액희석방법을 사용하여 검사하였으며, essential oil 농도범위는 10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 0.625 mg/mL, 0.516 mg/mL, 0.3125 mg/mL, 0.078 mg/mL, 0.039 mg/mL, 그리고 0.015 mg/mL였다. Essential oil은 용량 의존적으로 시험 균주의 성장을 효과적으로 억제하였으며, NM을 제외하고 R, LG, FR, O oil은 저농도에서 구강 병원성 미생물의 성장을 억제하였다. 또한 사용된 essential oil은 E.coli와 S. epidermidis의 성장에는 탁월한 억제효과를 보이지는 못했으나 구강 병원성 미생물에 대해서는 특별한 성장 억제효과를 나타냈다.

A Comparative Study on the Inhibitory Effects of Aroma Essential Oils on Nitric Oxide

( Sook Heui Jung ) 대한미용문화예술학회 2013 International Journal of Beauty Cultural Arts Vol.2 No.1

This study measured the anti-inflammatory and basic physiological activities of its immune mechanism of Palmarosa essential oil, Myrrh essential oil, and Sandalwood essential oil which can be used for functional materials in the beauty care industry. The experimental results showed that Palmarosa essential oil, Myrrh essential oil, and Sandalwood essential oil had no toxicity in RAW264.7 cell. Then, NO inhibition of Palmarosa essential oil, Myrrh essential oil, and Sandalwood essential oil was assessed by LPS-inducement. The result showed that the LPS-treated group had a remarkable increase in NO concentration and the Palmarosa essential oil, Myrrh essential oil, and Sandalwood essential oil-treated group(500 ug/mL) had excellent NO inhibition. In particular, the Sandalwood essential oil-treated group had significant NO inhibition. Based on the results, Palmarosa essential oil, Myrrh essential oil, and Sandalwood essential oil had excellent NO inhibition induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cell. In particular, the most excellent NO inhibition was found in Sandalwood essential oil, followed by Myrrh essential oil and Palmarosa essential oil.

아로마 에센셜오일의 열성특성에 따른 블렌딩과 인산 혈액형사상체질의 관계

허선희 ( Heo Seon-hee ),유성모 ( Yoo Seongmo ) 한국미용학회 2016 한국미용학회지 Vol.22 No.6

The purpose of this study was to suggest the most suitable blended oils for each body constitution type by arranging six varieties of blended oils based on personal Blood-type Sasang constitution of (In-San) Kim Il-Hoon. The characteristics of the essential oils were categorized into 3 types: warm, neutral, and cold depending on the parts of plants from which the oil was extracted. Features of each body constitution and functional characteristics of aroma essential oils were considered to arrange blended oils. An O-ring test, the applied kinesiology muscle testing, was used to distinguish appropriate blended oils for each Blood-type Sasang constitution. Female estheticians and customers in the skin care industry from their 30s to 40s were selected as the research subjects. According to the result, Yin types commonly responded to warm essential oils known for relieving pain and inflammation in the digestive system and helping to improve the urogenital system. While Taeum-in showed remarkable reaction to essential oils that enhance the function of the stomach, digestion and reproductive systems, the Soeum-in additionally reacted to oils that relieve depression, anxiety, menstrual pain and improve hormonal function, showing antispasmodic action. Yang types highly responded to cold essential oils, which improve the circulatory and respiratory systems and enhance the lymphatic system with stronger detoxification. Two cold oils strongly reacted to Taeyang-in, which improve cardiopulmonary function and promote the drainage of waste from the kidneys, showing anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-virus effects. Soyang-in remarkably responded to three varieties of the cold essential oils.

Tea Tree Essential Oil이 피부상태에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 -청소년피부를 중심으로-

김보람 ( Bo Ram Kim ),윤천성 ( Chun Sung Youn ) 한국미용학회 2008 한국미용학회지 Vol.14 No.3

With the standard of living being elevated, people have an increasing interest in health and beauty. In particular, natural and eco-friendly beauty products, rather than products made of artificial chemicals, are gaining popularity as ways to enhance people`s skin conditions. In this regard, this paper studies the effect of Tea Tree essential oil, one of the natural products in the limelight, and also considers the oil`s potential to be used as natural antibiotics. The subject of this study is a group of 58 male and female middle school students in Daejeon and the group is divided into two groups of 29. The sample group is given cosmetics containing Tee Tree essential oil and the control group is given cosmetics without it. All of them are required to apply the cosmetics twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening, for 4 weeks. The skin conditions of the two groups are measured by cornemeter, sebumeter and skin pH meter three times from the beginning of the test at two-week intervals over the four weeks` test period for comparison. The followings are the results that this study presents. The first hypothesis that “Tea Tree essential oil will have a positive effect on the level of moisture within the skin.” was denied. Skin condition is highly influenced by seasonal change. And as the study was conducted during the seasonal transition from late summer to autumn, reduction in skin`s moisture was detected in all subjects regardless of which group they belong to. The dry weather also caused dry skin making it difficult for us to precisely grasp how effective Tea Tree essential oil was on the subjects` skin. The second hypothesis that “Tea Tree essential oil will have a positive effect on the level of oil within the skin.” was supported. Tea Tree essential oil was found to balance the level of oil within skin by helping reduce oil in an excessively oily skin and by providing and maintaining a certain degree of oil in an oil-deprived dry skin. In short, Tea Tree essential oil has proved to have a certain function as a sebum controller. The third hypothesis that “Tea Tree essential oil will have a positive effect on the changes in skin pH.” was denied. Since not only the sample group but also the control group showed some changes in their skin pH levels, there was no evidence that Tea Tree essential oil had a direct impact on the pH level changes. Since it proves to improve the oil balance within people`s skin, Tea Tree essential oil is considered to strengthen skin`s resistance to external factors, sterilizing power and elasticity while preventing dry skin. For adults, Tea Tree essential oil is thought to help keep youthful skin by forming a protective film over it. And given the positive effects it has on the conditions of skin surface, there seems to be high possibility for Tea Tree essential oil to be used for the development of natural antibiotics and various medical cosmetics.