The Role of Quantitative Traits of Leaf Litter on Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling of the Forest Ecosystems

Rahman, Mohammed Mahabubur,Tsukamoto, Jiro,Tokumoto, Yuji,Shuvo, Md. Ashikur Rahman Institute of Forest Science 2013 Journal of Forest Science Vol.29 No.1

Decomposition of plant material is an important component in the study of forest ecosystem because of its critical role in nutrient cycling. Different tree species has different nutrient release patterns, which are related to leaf litter quantitative traits and seasonal environmental factors. The quantitative traits of leaf litter are important predictors of decomposition and decomposition rates increase with greater nutrient availability in the forest ecosystems. At the ecosystem level, litter quantitative traits are most often related to the physical and chemical characteristics of the litter, for example, leaf toughness and leaf mass per unit area, and lignin content tannin and total phenolics. Thus, the analysis of litter quantitative traits and decomposition are highly important for the understanding of nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. By studying the role of litter quantitative traits on decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems will provide a valuable insight to how quantitative traits influence ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Such knowledge will contribute to future forest management and conservation practices.

Design of an ON/OFF Mist Duty Cycle in Mist Bioreactors for the Growth of Hairy Roots

Ritu Ranjan,Naseem Ahmed,Rajesh Khanna,B. N. Mishra 한국생물공학회 2009 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.14 No.1

In this study, we designed a strategy for selecting the operating conditions of a mist reactor for the growth of hairy roots. This was accomplished by developing a mathematical model to optimize the ON/OFF mist duty cycle for the specified growth of hairy roots. The availability and rate of transport of nutrients to the roots are important parameters in the design and operation of the reactor. The thin liquid film over the root surface, which continuously builds up during the ON cycle, is a major factor that limits mass transfer. The same film also acts as a finite reservoir of nutrients in the absence of any replenishment during the OFF cycle. This reservoir gets depleted as growing roots continue to consume the nutrients. As a result of this depletion the duration of the OFF cycle must be limited such that the nutrient concentration does not go below the critical value required for the specified growth rate. The depleted reservoir is then replenished during the next ON cycle to an extent that depends on feed concentration and duration of the next ON cycle. It was shown that the use of increasing feed concentrations in the fed-batch mode of operation could maintain a specified growth rate in the reactor. Interestingly, this also resulted in the efficient operation of the reactor whereby the reactor operated at slightly above the required concentration and close to the point of minimum mass transfer resistance.

Nutrient stocks of Japanese blue oak (Quercus glauca Thunb.) stands on different soil parent materials

백경원,배은지,김춘식 한국산림과학회 2020 Forest Science And Technology Vol.16 No.4

Soil parent materials originating from different geologic settings represented broad differen�ces in the forest nutrient environment, but few studies have been conducted on the rela�tionships between soil parent materials and nutrient stocks in forest stands. This study was performed to compare the nutrient stocks of Japanese blue oak (Quercus glauca Thunb.) stands grown on forest soils inherited from two different parent materials, basalt and sand�stone, in southern Korea. A total of 29 Japanese blue oak trees were destructively sampled (15 trees on basalt and 14 trees on sandstone) to compare the nutrient content of the tree components (stem wood, stem bark, branches, and leaves). Samples of the forest floor and a soil depth of 0–30 cm were collected to measure the nutrient stocks of the two parent mate�rials. The mean nutrient concentrations of the tree components varied significantly between the basalt and sandstone parent materials. The mean carbon and potassium concentrations of stem wood were significantly higher in sandstone than in basalt, whereas the nitrogen concentration of stem wood and stem bark were lower in sandstone than in basalt (p < .05). A significantly higher carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium stocks of the forest floor were found in sandstone than in basalt. However, the soil carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium stocks at a depth of 0–30 cm were significantly higher in basalt than in sand�stone. The results demonstrate that the aboveground nutrient concentration and below�ground nutrient stocks of Japanese blue oak stands can be altered greatly by different parent materials.

Litterfall and Nutrient Dynamics in Pine(Pinus rigida) and Larch(Larix leptolepis) Plantations

김춘식,구교상,변재경 한국산림과학회 2005 한국산림과학회지 Vol.94 No.5

Litterfall and nutrient inputs were measured in even-aged coniferous plantations (a 31-year-old Pinus rigida and a 31-year-old Larix leptolepis) on a similar site condition in the Forest Practice Research Center, Gyeonggi Province. Litterfall was collected monthly from circular littertraps (collecting area : 0.50 m2) for three years between April 1997 and February 2000. Average total annual litterfall was significantly higher for pine (5,802 kg/ha/yr) than for larch (4,562 kg/ha/yr) plantations. Needle litter in both plantations accounted for about 63% of total litterfall. Litterfall in the larch was distributed as follows: needle > other leaf > branch > miscellaneous > bark, while it was needle > miscellaneous > other leaf > branch > bark in the pine plantation. There was no temporal variation in needle litter, other leaf and bark during the 3 year study period. The concentrations of all nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in needle litter were significantly higher in the larch than in the pine plantations. The annual nutrient concentration of needle litter in the larch varied among the years, whereas no year variation of needle litter was in the pine except for phosphorus (P). Nitrogen (N) and P inputs by needle litter were significantly higher for larch than for pine plantations established on a similar soil. The differences in N and P inputs were attributed to lower nutrient concentration in pine needle litter compared with larch needle litter, not to total needle litter mass. Annual inputs of nutrient in both plantations were not significantly different among years except for K of the larch although there was yearly different in needlefall mass and nutrient concentration during the 3-year observed period. The results indicate that the mechanisms of litterfall and nutrient inputs vary considerably between pine and larch plantations established on a similar site condition.

Nutrient dynamics by decomposing leaf litter at the Guemsan (Mt.) Long-Term Ecological Research site, Korea

김춘식,정재엽,이임균,임종환 한국산림과학회 2015 Forest Science And Technology Vol.11 No.2

Litter decomposition represents a major contribution to the carbon and nutrient fluxes in forest ecosystems. Nutrient dynamics from decomposing leaf litter were measured for 3 years (1095 days) from three dominant tree species (Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata) in a broadleaved deciduous forest of the Geumsan (Mt.) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in Korea. Mass loss rates from decomposing leaf litter were significantly lower in the Q. serrata leaf litter (63.4% of the original mass) than in C. laxiflora (80.0%) and C. cordata (83.1%) leaf litter over 1095 days. There was a significant linear relationship between the remaining mass of leaf litter and the incubation months of litterbag (Q. serrata: r2 D 0.96; C. laxiflora: r2 D 0.96; C. cordata: r2 D 0.95). Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (mg g ¡1) and remaining stocks (mg bag ¡1) from decomposing leaf litter were significantly lower in Q. serrata leaf litter than in C. laxiflora and C. cordata leaf litter during the study period. Calcium and magnesium concentration and remaining stocks of initial stage from decomposing litter were significantly higher in C. cordata leaf litter than in that of C. laxiflora and Q. serrata. However, potassium concentration and remaining stocks were not affected by the three leaf litter types. The results indicate that Carpinus spp. (C. laxiflora, C. cordata) leaf litter is a significant and easily decomposable source of nutrients among dominant tree species of a mixed broadleaved deciduous forest in the Geumsan LTER site.

Nutrient Concentration and Stoichiometry in Plant Organs of Four Warm-temperate Forests in Southern Korea

김춘식 한국산림과학회 2024 한국산림과학회지 Vol.113 No.1

Determining the nutrient stoichiometry in plant organs is critical for understanding nutrient uptake and cycling in forest ecosystems. This study evaluated nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry in various plant organs (stem, bark, branches, and foliage) of species found in four warm-temperate forests in southern Korea. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (CJ), Quercus serrata Thunb. (QS), evergreen broadleaved tree species (EB), and bamboo spp. (BB) were destructively sampled to measure nutrient (C, N, and P) concentrations in the plant organs. The mean C concentration in the stem was significantly higher in CJ than in QS, BB, or EB, whereas the C concentration in the foliage was the lowest in BB. The mean foliar N and P concentrations were higher in BB than in EB or CJ. The mean stem C:N and C:P ratios were highest in CJ but were lowest in the foliage of BB. Overall, stems of all species showed a strong positive correlation between C concentration and dry weight, but a negative correlation between N and dry weight. The N and P concentrations of foliage and bark were strongly correlated, whereas those of the stem and branches were poorly correlated. Positive correlations were detected between the C:N and C:P ratios in bark and foliage. These results indicate the existence of intraspecific differences in nutrient requirements in warm-temperate forest species and add to the understanding of nutrient uptake and storage patterns in the organs of species growing in warm-temperate forests.

종가시나무 조림지의 임분밀도에 따른 임목 바이오매스 및 양분축적량

최봉준 ( Bong-jun Choi ),백경원 ( Gyeongwon Baek ),조창규 ( Chang-gyu Jo ),박성완 ( Seong-wan Park ),유병오 ( Byung Oh Yoo ),정수영 ( Su-young Jeong ),이광수 ( Kwang Soo Lee ),김춘식 ( Choonsig Kim ) 한국임학회 2016 한국산림과학회지 Vol.105 No.3

본 연구는 경상남도 고성군에 식재된 상록활엽수인 27년생 종가시나무 조림지를 대상으로 고밀도(1,933본/ha)와 저밀도(1,200본/ha)구분한 후 총12본(고밀도 임분 6본, 저밀도 임분 6본)의 표본목을 벌채하고 임목부위별 바이오매스 추정을 위한 상대생장식과 양분(C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg)축적량을 조사하였다. 흉고직경(DBH)을 독립변수로 하는 임분밀도별 줄기 목질부, 줄기 수피, 가지, 잎, 지상부 총량 등의 바이오매스 추정을 위한 상대생장식의 유의성이 인정되었으며(P < 0.05), 상대생장계수(slope)는 유의적인 차이가 없어 일괄상대생장식의 적용이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 종가시나무 조림지의 지상부 임목 바이오매스는 고밀도 임분이 177 Mg ha^-1로, 저밀도 임분 114 Mg ha^-1에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 그러나 줄기 목질부, 줄기 수피, 가지, 잎 등의 임목부위별 양분 농도의 경우 임분밀도 따른 유의 적인 차이는 없었다(P > 0.05). 임목부위별 양분축적량은 줄기 목질부의 질소 및 인축적량을 제외하고 고밀도 임분과 저밀도 임분 사이에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 종가시나무 조림지의 임목부위별 양분농도의 경우 바이오매스 축적량에 비해 임분밀도의 영향이 크지 않는 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to evaluate aboveground tree biomass and nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) response of tree components by high (1,933 trees ha^-1) and low (1,200 tree ha^-1) stand densities in a 27- year-old Quercus glauca plantation. The study site was located in Goseong county, Gyeongsangnam-do, southern Korea. Total 12 trees (6 high and 6 low stand densities) were cut to develop allometric equations and to measure nutrient concentration of tree components. Stand density-specific allometric equations in the high and low stand densities were significant (P < 0.05) in tree components with diameter at breast height (DBH). Also, generalized allometric equations could be applied to estimate tree biomass regardless of the difference of stand density because of no significant effect on slope of stand density-specific allometric equations. Aboveground tree biomass estimated by the allometric equations was significantly higher in the high stand density (177 Mg ha^-1) than in the low stand density (114 Mg ha^-1). However, nutrient concentration of tree components was not significantly affected by the difference of stand density. Nutrient stocks in tree components were not significantly between the high stand density and the low stand density, except for the N and P stocks of stem wood. These results indicate that aboveground tree biomass could be significantly affected by stand density, but nutrient concentration among the tree components was not affected by the difference of stand density in a Quercus glauca plantation.

Effect of cycle length and phase fraction on biological nutrients removal in temporal and spatial phase separated process

Ki Ho Hong,Sung Won Kang,Joon Moo Hur,Sang Bae Han,선우영,장덕 한국공업화학회 2008 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.14 No.4

The objective of this research is to draw the optimal cycle length and evaluate the effect of the fraction of anoxic and anaerobic phases in a cycle maximizing the nutrients removal in a modified temporal and spatial phase separated process. A pilot-scale system operated at HRTs of 10–21 h, SRTs of 16–34 d, cycle times of 2–8 h, and mixed liquor temperature from 9 to 30 8C showed average removals of BOD, TN, and TP as high as 93, 79, and 86%, respectively. Higher nitrogen removal could be achieved for shorter cycle time, while better phosphorus removal could be accomplished for longer cycle time. Optimal cycle time for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus conflicted with each other. The effect of ratio of cycle time to system HRTon system performance was also shown to have the same tendency as that of cycle time. Higher TN removal of phased isolation technology could be achieved relative to that of SBR as the cycle length became longer in the same HRT. As the fraction of anoxic/ anaerobic phase in a cycle became larger, the removal efficiency of TN and TP simultaneously decreased because of the discharge of untreated ammonia nitrogen and released phosphorus.

Effect of cycle length and phase fraction on biological nutrients removal in temporal and spatial phase separated process

Hong, K.H.,Chang, D.,Kang, S.W.,Hur, J.M.,Han, S.B.,Sunwoo, Y. Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemi 2008 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.14 No.4

The objective of this research is to draw the optimal cycle length and evaluate the effect of the fraction of anoxic and anaerobic phases in a cycle maximizing the nutrients removal in a modified temporal and spatial phase separated process. A pilot-scale system operated at HRTs of 10-21h, SRTs of 16-34 d, cycle times of 2-8h, and mixed liquor temperature from 9 to 30<SUP>o</SUP>C showed average removals of BOD, TN, and TP as high as 93, 79, and 86%, respectively. Higher nitrogen removal could be achieved for shorter cycle time, while better phosphorus removal could be accomplished for longer cycle time. Optimal cycle time for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus conflicted with each other. The effect of ratio of cycle time to system HRT on system performance was also shown to have the same tendency as that of cycle time. Higher TN removal of phased isolation technology could be achieved relative to that of SBR as the cycle length became longer in the same HRT. As the fraction of anoxic/anaerobic phase in a cycle became larger, the removal efficiency of TN and TP simultaneously decreased because of the discharge of untreated ammonia nitrogen and released phosphorus.

Influence of forest tending (Soopkakkugi) works on litterfall and nutrient inputs in a Pinus densiflora stand

김춘식,손요환,이우균,정재엽,노남진,김소라,양아람,주남규 한국산림과학회 2012 Forest Science And Technology Vol.8 No.2

This study was conducted to examine litterfall and nutrient inputs following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities in Korea. We measured litterfall and nutrient (C, N, P, K,Ca, Mg) inputs from needle litter in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun Gyeongsangnamdo,Korea. Seasonal inputs of litterfall components such as needle, broadleaf, branch, bark and total litter inputs followed a similar pattern between the FTW and control stands. Annual average needle and total litterfall were significantly lower in the FTW (2483 kg ha^-1 yr^-1; 4038 kg ha^-1 yr^-1) than in the control stands (3377 kg ha^-1yr^-1; 5589 kg ha^-1 yr^-1) during the study period. Nitrogen concentration of needle litter was significantly affected by FTW (P < 0.05), while other nutrient (C, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations were not significantly different between the FTW and control stands. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the organic C, N, P and Ca inputs by needle litter following FTW, whereas K and Mg inputs were not significantly different between the FTW and control stands. The results indicate that the reduction of litterfall and nutrient inputs following FTW can be attributed to reduced needle litterfall and vary considerably nutrient cycle in FTW stands.