국립공원의 구역 변천 및 용도지구 설정을 기반으로 한 해상·해안형 국립공원 관리개선방안에 대한 기초 연구

이희원,염성진,Lee, Hee-Won,Yeom, Sung-Jin 한국환경과학회 2020 한국환경과학회지 Vol.29 No.2

The national parks of South Korea take up an area of 6,726 ㎢, which accounts for 6.7% of the national land. They are national conservation areas with their area made up of 59.1% of land (3,972.6 ㎢) and 40.9% of seawaters (2,753.7 ㎢). And in 2019, the national parks are classified by type into 17 mountainous, 4 maritime or coastal, and 1 historical site. Here, the maritime or coastal nation parks are lately spotlighted as landmarks in maritime tourism. However, the area of the maritime or coastal national parks is continuously dwindling due to conflicts between the residents in the parks and Korea national park service, the continued pressure with respect to the regional tourism development and private investments, and the abolition of parks in relation to allegedly breached private properties. This study identifies the issues with the operation and management of national parks as caused by the abolition of parks and the reduction of areas, and goes from there to do research with the aim of suggesting an institutionalized improvement plan with a view to more useful operation and management of the maritime or coastal national parks. As a result, the natural resources in the sea and on land should be surveyed again to establish the standard for use-specific zoning and reorganize the park areas in adjusting the national park areas. Second, the use-specific districts need to be reviewed for their reorganization that meets the designation requirements by focusing on the characteristics of the different national parks with a view to ensuring reasonable natural conservation in the maritime or coastal national parks. Third, various support facilities for residents such as public path, lodgings, and rentals need to be created to reduce the conflicts between Korea national park service and those who live in the parks.

연구논문 : 국립공원의 훼손지 유형과 개선방안에 대한 기초적 연구

염성진 ( Sung Jin Yeom ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.11

This study is conducted to determine the damage, distinguish the types and identify the restoration by that type for 13 Korea national parks out of 21. There are 21 Korea national parks are in Korea covering 6.67% of the country or 6,656 km2 (3,902 km2 on land and 2,754 km2 in the sea) currently since the area around Jirisan (440 km2) was designated as the first Korea national parks in 1967. With the cancellation of entrance admission on Korea national parks since 2007, annual visitors to the Korea national parks have grown from 37 millions in 2008 to 46 millions by 2013 and continue to grow due to numerous leisure activities, alpine activities and social changes. As such, Korea national parks are natural resource with high value to be conserved and are attracting significant attention as recreational spaces for people at the same time. On the other hand, there have been issues of soil erosions or disturbed vegetation due to increased number of visitor to the national parks. Korea national parks area damage to its type and damage characteristics to analyse the 13 Korea national parks out of 21 on July 2012 March, Korea national parks over the subjects of the National Park from damaged area status Survey analysis by the Korea National Park Service. As a result, 203 million units in the 16 Korea national parks damaged land of the reform package during ecological trail (including non-regular hiking trails) 153 (77.66%), damaged valleys 20(9.14%) independent damaged area, 13 disconnected ecological axis(7.61%), closed trail(2.03%) (3.55%), and line type damage(like a non-regular hiking trails) appears to be a high ratio. Korea national parks damaged land of the results identified, by contrast ratio and the annual number of visitors Bukhansan national park(49.26%), Gyeongju national park(23.65%) damaged land rates, such as Seorasan national park(4.93%), Songnisan national park (4.43 %), Gyeryongsan national park(3.45%), and the annual number of visitors be similar result. The National Park Service has been reporting on damages and restorations but damages and their types have not been established yet. Damages have been generally studied and categorized on hiking trails due caused by heavy traffic on them but the reports were limited on hiking trails only. Since damage to the Korea national parks are not limited on the hiking trails, it is necessary to determine damages in various aspects. Thus, in this study, damage types, spatial characteristics, causes and restorations are analyzed based on the survey results of damages to national parks in order to provide a basis for the efficient management and operation of the Korea national parks.

Recognition Difference of Local Residents and National Park Managers on National Park Adjustment : A Case of 37 Cancellation Areas

Yunseon Choe,Hoseung Lee,Sangyoel Han,Taekyun Kim,Kyuwon Sim 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2016 Journal of Forest Science Vol.32 No.2

This study examined the recognition differences between local residents and national park managers on the adjustment of national parks which are conducted every ten years for the purpose of providing basic information for the park management, according to the Natural Parks Act. Both local residents and national park managers positively perceived the adjustment of national parks, but park managers showed concern towards the damage of natural resources resulting from the cancellation and adjustment of restricted development districts in Korean national parks. Local residents are more likely than park managers to recommend boundary adjustment in other national parks regarding the influence of parks adjustment on local change. While local residents recognized that the boundary adjustment of national parks improves the level of community management, park managers focused on damages on the local environment and the park landscape adjacent to the areas. The result shows the recognition differences of local residents and park managers. Further research into adjustment of national parks is necessary to diminish perception gaps among stakeholders and develop prediction indicators of cancellation effect in response to the future cancellation areas of national parks through the characteristics of cancellation communities, revitalization of local economy, and environmental change of local community.

국립공원 기초통계자료분석을 기반으로 한 해상·해안형 국립공원 관리운영개선에 대한 기초 연구

이희원 ( Hee-won Lee ),염성진 ( Sung-jin Yeom ) 한국환경과학회 2019 한국환경과학회지 Vol.28 No.9

National parks, which are preserved areas of 6,726.298 km²(3,972.589 ㎢ on land and 2,753.709 ㎢, at sea), take up 6.71% of the national territory, and they are classified by type into 17 mountain parks, 4 maritime or coastal parks, and 1 historical site park. Of them all, the maritime or coastal national parks, which are preserved areas covering wide tracts of maritime, lately attract increasing numbers of visitors. In this light, this study identifies the issues with the maritime or coastal national parks such as the changes in the number of visitors and the unbalance involved in the budget execution, based on the visitors to the national parks and the specifics of budget executed for them. On this basis, the study has conducted the research with a view to suggesting improvements for more useful management and operation of the maritime or coastal national parks. As a result, the study has reached the following conclusions. First, to accommodate those who want to visit the maritime or coastal national parks, the tour infrastructure needs to be expanded to guide the visitors’ use of the facilities by focusing on their touring behavior and characteristics. Second, budget should be acquired through diversifying revenue structure to eliminate hugely unbalanced budget. Third, visitors nowadays come to national parks for recreational experience or to tour nature, but the maritime or coastal national parks focus on cultural facilities. To accommodate the visitors’ needs, the parks should get diversified visitor facilities that reflect the regional characteristics.

우리나라 국립공원 지형경관자원의 유형 및 활용방안

김장수 ( Jang Soo Kim ),장동호 ( Dong Ho Jang ),양해근 ( Hea Kun Yang ) 한국지형학회 2013 한국지형학회지 Vol.20 No.1

This study collected national secondary and tertiary nationwide natural environment survey data of the National Institute of Environmental Research as well as the National Park`s secondary and tertiary natural resource research data executed by the Korea National Park Service. The data collection is aimed at reclassification the geomorphological landscape resources of each park in varying types. The results generated a total of 3,169 geomorphological landscape resources within all the national parks. Among all the geomorphological landscape resources, 794 landscape resources were judged as Level Ⅰ, which accounts for 36.9%. Next, 546 landscape resources were judged as Level Ⅱ, or 25.3%, and 459 landscape resources judged as Level Ⅲ, or 21.3%. Lastly, 191 landscape resources were judged as Level Ⅳ, having the lowest conservation level, or 8.9%. The number of Level Ⅰ landscape resources for each national park includes 207 sites on Seoraksan, 92 sites on Dadohaehaesang Park, 84 sites on Jirisan, and 60 sites at the Taeanhaean, respectively. Dadohaehaesang National Park, Seoraksan National Park, Taeanhaean National Park, Jirisan National Park, Songnisan National Park, and Gyeryongsan National Park were evaluated as national parks having excellent landscape resources. To use these excellent landscape resources, there is a need to increase visitors` satisfaction and increase their interest in and understanding of landscape resources. To achieve this, a landscape viewpoint map must be composed and installed at the entrance or at certain points to provide visitors with useful information regarding the geomorphological landscape resources.

Recognition Difference of Local Residents and National Park Managers on National Park Adjustment: A Case of 37 Cancellation Areas

Choe, Yunseon,Lee, Hoseung,Han, Sangyoel,Kim, Taekyun,Sim, Kyuwon Institute of Forest Science 2016 Journal of Forest Science Vol.32 No.2

This study examined the recognition differences between local residents and national park managers on the adjustment of national parks which are conducted every ten years for the purpose of providing basic information for the park management, according to the Natural Parks Act. Both local residents and national park managers positively perceived the adjustment of national parks, but park managers showed concern towards the damage of natural resources resulting from the cancellation and adjustment of restricted development districts in Korean national parks. Local residents are more likely than park managers to recommend boundary adjustment in other national parks regarding the influence of parks adjustment on local change. While local residents recognized that the boundary adjustment of national parks improves the level of community management, park managers focused on damages on the local environment and the park landscape adjacent to the areas. The result shows the recognition differences of local residents and park managers. Further research into adjustment of national parks is necessary to diminish perception gaps among stakeholders and develop prediction indicators of cancellation effect in response to the future cancellation areas of national parks through the characteristics of cancellation communities, revitalization of local economy, and environmental change of local community.

Recognition Difference of Local Residents and National Park Managers on National Park Adjustment: A Case of 37 Cancellation Areas

최윤선,이호승,한상열,김태균,심규원 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2016 Journal of Forest Science Vol.32 No.2

This study examined the recognition differences between local residents and national park managers on the adjustment of national parks which are conducted every ten years for the purpose of providing basic information for the park management, according to the Natural Parks Act. Both local residents and national park managers positively perceived the adjustment of national parks, but park managers showed concern towards the damage of natural resources resulting from the cancellation and adjustment of restricted development districts in Korean national parks. Local residents are more likely than park managers to recommend boundary adjustment in other national parks regarding the influence of parks adjustment on local change. While local residents recognized that the boundary adjustment of national parks improves the level of community management, park managers focused on damages on the local environment and the park landscape adjacent to the areas. The result shows the recognition differences of local residents and park managers. Further research into adjustment of national parks is necessary to diminish perception gaps among stakeholders and develop prediction indicators of cancellation effect in response to the future cancellation areas of national parks through the characteristics of cancellation communities, revitalization of local economy, and environmental change of local community.

‘걸출한 자연풍경’과 그 이면: 근대 일본 ‘국립공원회화’에 대한 고찰

김지영 서울대학교 일본연구소 2024 일본비평 Vol.- No.31

국토의 70%가 삼림지역으로 이루어진 일본에서 특별히 나라를 대표하는 ‘걸출한 자연풍경’으로서 국립공원으로 지정된 곳은 2024년 현재 34곳에 이른다. 일본에서 국립공원제도가 제정된 것은 1931년으로 거슬러 올라가는데, 이는 근대국가 일본이 자연 풍경에 국가의 ‘권위’를 인위적으로 부여한 일이었다. 법 제정 직후, 내무성 위생국과 국립공원협회는 유명 양화가들로 하여금 전국 각지의 국립공원 후보지를 그려 오게 하고 1932년 《국립공원양화전람회》를 개최하는데, 이 그림들을 ‘국립공원회화’라 한다. 이 글에서는 일본이 국가적 풍경을 발견하여 ‘권위’를 부여하는 과정에서 미술이 어떻게 활용되었는지에 주목하여, 숲과 나무를 그린 아름다운 풍경화 그 이면에 무엇이 있었는지 살피고자 한다. 우선 1장에서는 개념과 용어를 설명하고, 2장에서 국립공원법의 개요와 현재를 간략하게 살핀다. 3장에서는 《국립공원양화전람회》(1932)의 시행 과정과 출품작들을 살피면서, 근대국가의 욕망과 체면 및 유명 화가와 민간자본의 권위가 뒤엉켜 작동하면서 ‘국가적 풍경’이 대중에게 보급되었음을 논증한다. 또한 내지와 외지의 국립공원을 포착한 회화집과 사진집을 비교 분석하여, 식민지를 포섭하면서도 밀어 내던 제국의 이중적 시선을 읽어 내고, 근대 일본의 국립공원을 둘러싼 시각 이미지들이 표면적인 자연 풍경뿐 아니라 제국의 내면의 풍경까지 반영하고 있음을 지적한다. As of 2024, 34 national parks have been designated as places with “outstanding natural scenery” in Japan, a country where 70% of the land is forested. The establishment of the national park system in Japan dates back to 1931, when the modern nation-state artificially granted the nation’s ‘authority’ to natural scenery. Immediately after the enactment of the law, the Ministry of Interior’s Health Bureau and the National Park Association commissioned famous oil painters to paint candidate sites for national parks in various parts of the country and held The National Park Oil Painting Exhibition in 1932. These paintings are called “national park paintings.” This article examines how art was used in the process of discovering national landscapes and granting them state authority. First, in section one, I explain the concept of “national park paintings.” In section two, I examine the National Park Law from its enactment until today. In section three, by examining the implementation process and paintings of The National Park Oil Painting Exhibition (1932), I argue that the idea of the “national landscape” became popular among the wider public due to an intersection of factors, including the desire and dignity of modern country, the authority of famous painters, and private capital. I also compare and analyze the collection of paintings and photographs of national parks in mainland Japan (naichi) and in the colonies (gaichi), and explore the double gaze of the empire, which both embraced and pushed out the colonies. I point out that the visual image of modern Japan’s national parks reflects not only the superficial natural scenery but also the inward scenery of the Empire.

보전적 측면에서 바라본 한국과 일본의 국립공원제도 비교

조태동 한국환경과학회 2004 한국환경과학회지 Vol.13 No.10

Korea's national park system resembles that of Japan in many ways. In this study, National park Systems of the two countries are compared from a standpoint of their historical backgrounds to be formed and in aspect of its conservation by the main revision of national park laws in perspective. In conclusion it was found out that Korea's toleration-based regulations on building park amenities have gradually neglected the park conservation effort, whereas Japan's authorization-oriented regulations have streng thened their emphasis on park conservation. From the comparison as above, the polices to be modified for Korean national park are proposed as follows: 1. National park system, which values diversity of species, is to be proposed. For this, the Article 8 which allows a development of National parks, Enforcement Ordinance Article 4, The Article 18 of Law, Enforcement Regulation Article 6 & 7 of National Park Law should be reviewed for deletion and revision. 2. On the basis of the laws, zoning system should be readjusted by discriminated conservation policy. Also, the readjustment of zoning system should be enforced after thorough analysis and research on the value of natural resources in the national park. 3. Korea should closely review the recently revised Japanese laws on the national parks and nature revitalization promotion for applying them to conservation policy of Korean national parks.

Proposal for an analysis to illustrate research trends on national parks in Korea

Soo Hyung Eo,Byung June Ko 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2017 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.11

National parks are designated and managed for the purpose of preserving natural ecosystems, nature and cultural scenery, and promoting sustainable utilization in Korea. Since we designated Jirisan as the first Korean national park in 1967, we have now designated and managed 22 national parks. Because these national parks are the core protected areas of the nation and the ecological recreation center for the people, the interests of researchers related to national parks and citizens have steadily increased over the last 50 years. Especially, various natural science researches and social studies on national parks have been conducted with the launch of the Korea National Park Service in 1987, which is dedicated to national park management. However, we still lack research on national park research trends in Korea in spite of the increase in scientific research and public interest. It is important to know who and what institutes are leading national parks research, what research topics have been conducted, what kinds of researches are important in each national park, and how these researches relate to national park management policies. We propose a study to review the national parks related studies that have been carried out so far and identify the research trends. In the pilot study, we collected about 700 research papers on national parks published between 2002 and 2016 through the Korea Citation Index of Korean journals. We are analyzing the number of papers published, research institutes and research topics related to national parks. Analysis of these national park research trends will be necessary for efficient national park management and policy making for future generations.