정책연구 : 중소기업 경쟁력 강화를 위한 지원정책의 기업성장단계별 차별화 방안

경종수 ( Jong Soo Kyung ),이보형 ( Bo Hyung Lee ) 한국중소기업학회 2010 中小企業硏究 Vol.32 No.4

중소기업의 경쟁력이 국가의 미래와 산업경쟁력에 직결된다는 인식을 바탕으로 많은 국가들은 직간접적인 지원정책을 통해 중소기업의 성장을 도모하고 있다. 그 동안 정부는 중소기업의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 다양한 지원정책을 전개하여 왔으나, 산업별, 기술별, 지역별, 기업성장단계별 다양한 수요를 반영하여 보다 효율적인 기업지원정책에 대한 접근이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 성장단계별 혁신역량의 차이를 바탕으로 혁신역량 개선요소와 정책방향을 도출하고, 성장단계별 지원정책의 기업수요를 바탕으로 차별적 정책방안을 제안하고자 한다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 243개 기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기업의 혁신역량에 대해 비교분석한 결과 성장단계별로 관계자산, 기업문화, 기술개발 부문에서 성장단계별 혁신역량은 유의한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 지원정책에 대한 기업의 수요수준을 비교분석한 결과 성장단계별로 기술개발지원, 마케팅지원, 정보교류지원에 있어 기업수요는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결과적으로 성장단계별로 혁신역량의 차이를 파악하여 중소기업 경쟁력 강화를 위한 혁신역량 개선요소들을 도출할 수 있었다. 그리고 기업성장단계별로 지원정책에 대한 수요수준의 차이가 있으므로 우리는 중소기업 지원정책의 성장단계별 차별화 방안을 제안하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로, 정부가 산업현장의 기업수요에 대응한 맞춤형 정책을 발굴함으로써 중소기업 지원정책의 효율성이 높아지길 기대한다. 중소기업 관련 정책은 직접적인 수요자인 중소기업의 접근성과 효율성을 극대화하는 측면에서 방향이 재정립되어야 하며, 산업별, 기업성장단계 및 규모별, 단기 및 중장기 정책의 조화로운 정책포트폴리오를 갖춰야 한다. Many countries are aware of the importance of SMEs (Small-Medium Enterprises) competency in terms of their long-term competitiveness. The government has been directly or indirectly supporting their growth, which is reflected through demands from the industrial level, technologic level and regional level. In order to foster the more strong SMEs, many countries deploy various political efforts. Especially, enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs has been recognized as a driving force in the national economy and industrial growth. The policy for SMEs under the process of globalization focuses on enhancing their competitiveness. This policy must support ways to improve competency of the SMEs in a fast-paced environment. The Korean government has also been deploying various support policies for SMEs for many years. On the supply side, the government has been deploying various business policies for SMEs, but SMEs are perceived to lack in-formation about the business support policy. Therefore government authorities should develop a more effective policy approach by responding to their demands. SMEs support policies are important in terms of job creation and enhancing industrial competitiveness, as well as a promoting a high proportion of SMEs within an industrial structure. A high proportion of me-dium-sized enterprises in the national economy is essential for progress to a sophisticated industrial structure. At the national level, it is very important for small, medium, and large companies to form an evenly com-posed, interconnected industrial integration. The growth patterns of companies have important implications for industrial growth. As a small company grows into a medium-size company, a medium-sized company grows into a large company. The political effort to strengthen the competitiveness of SMEs is required. Business policy should be fo-cused on needs of industrial field rather than the supply side. The business policy must excavate by the multi-dimensional analysis in terms of industry, technology (an initial technical, commercial technology), region (strategic industry, traditional industry) and firm characteristics (stage of growth, firm size, etc.). According to previous research, the growth factor in the each growth stage is different according to the characteristics of the company, technology innovation strategy, resources, and management factors. The per-formance of innovative activities will be created through company competency (R&D, sales and marketing). Because these innovative activities will be created by the company resources and corporate culture, they de-pend on each growth stage. Based on previous research and these research objectives, we set up hypotheses as follows: Hypothesis 1: The innovation competency of SMEs will be different by growth stages. The government has been deploying various business policies for SMEs. But, because the management sit-uation of SMEs is different, their policy demands will be different. SMEs need a different strategy for solving each problem, so the SMEs business policy demands will be different. Hypothesis 2: The demand of business policy in each growth stage will be different. In this study, we have tried to find the policy direction to improve innovation competency in the growth stage of SMEs. We suggested discriminatory approach methods about the business support policy by growth stages. To achieve the objectives of this research, we surveyed and analyzed by statistic methods companies in the Chungnam area. Based on this research purpose, we surveyed 243 companies in Chungnam area. The target companies for survey participated in this program in order to foster local industry in the Chungnam area. We sent the ques-tionnaires and welcomed any request for help. We received their responses bye-mail or fax. By cooperating with related organizations, we made a list of 280 companies from the target group. Then we gathered the re-sponses from 250 companies. The rate of response was 88.66%. The empirical analysis of growth stages fol-lowed the two-step process for grouping and identification of stages and difference between the groups. In the first step we grouped the sample group by variables of selected growth stage. In the second step, we used the analysis of variance (ANOV A) in order to find the difference of innovation competency and the demand of business policy among growth stages. The main analysis results are as follows. First, by comparing the innovation competencies with growth stages, we found significant differences in relationship assets, corporate culture, and research and development. Secondly, by comparing the demand level for business support policies with growth stages, we found significant differences in research and development, marketing, and exchange of information. The detailed results by growth stages are as follows: First, in the product development stage after start-up (Stage 1), innovation competency is lower in the R&D sector and asset of relationship. So a support program to improve competency is necessary. In this stage, the level of policy demand about R&D, marketing, and information exchange was higher than in other stages. Second, in the initial production and marketing stage (Stage 2), the innovation competency about corporate culture was lower than other stages. The policy de-mands about R&D and information exchange was lower than other stages. Third, to ensure a stable market stage (Stage 3), the innovation competency on asset of relationships was higher than other stages. There is no uniqueness of the relative difference between the policy demands. Fourth, in the expansion of market for subsequent product development (Stage 4), the innovation competency in R&D was higher than other stages. The policy demands on marketing and information exchange were higher than other stages. As a result, the corporate resources and capabilities are lacking in the early stages of growth. The support for various types of policies should be pursued. In the mature stage, SMEs had increased their R&D capabilities and the marketing demand was relatively high. The exchange of information is high in the early and maturity stage. As a result, we were able to identify the differences and improvement elements on innovation competency of SMEs by growth stages. Consequently, we proposed the necessity of differentiating policies by growth stages of SMEs, because there are different business support policy demands by growth stages of SMEs. Based on the results of these studies, we expect to increase the efficiency of business support policy, by finding customized policies with the industry demand.

일반 논문 : 신생벤처의 지식기반 성장모델과 지식전략 유형

차민석 ( Min Seok Cha ),배종태 ( Zong Tae Bae ) 한국중소기업학회 2012 中小企業硏究 Vol.34 No.1

본 연구는 신생벤처의 성장과정을 성장단계별 조직학습을 유형화하여 지식기반 성장모델을 제안하고 있다. 성장단계는 기존 연구를 바탕으로 창업기, 성장기, 성숙기로 나눌 수 있다. 성장단계별로 당면문제 또는 경영초점, 조직운영의 특성 등의 조합이 달라진다고 보는 형태적 접근에 따라서 분류를 하였다. 각 성장단계에서 당면하는 주요문제가 다르므로, 이를 해결하기 위해 기존에 없던 역량을 구축하는 조직학습에 의한 성장모델을 구축하였다. 시장지식 및 기술지식 등 지식분야와 각 지식의 원천에 따라서 지식전략이 달라질 수 있다. 외부환경의 특성인 동태성과 복잡성에 따라서 환경의 변화와 구성요소의 복잡성에 따라서도 신생벤처의 조직학습은 영향을 받을 수 있다. 지식전략은 신생벤처가 당면하는 문제들을 해결하는데 필요한 지식을 내부학습과 외부학습을 활용하는 정도에 따라 네 가지 유형으로 나누었다. 학습활동이 전반적으로 적은 외톨이형(Loner)은 보다 안정적이고 단순한 환경에서 나타난다. 외부학습이 상대적으로 많은 네트워커형(Networker type)은 변화가 많은 환경과 시장지식 분야에서 보다 많이 나타난다. 내부학습이 상대적으로 많은 엔지니어형(Engineer type)은 내부적으로 핵심기술역량을 구축해야 차별화할 수 있는 기술지식 분야에서 많이 나타난다. 내부창출과 외부학습을 동시에 추구하는 문지기형(Janus type)은 보다 동태적이고 복잡한 환경에서 나타났다. 벤처성장 단계별로 보다 유효한 지식전략에 대한 시사점과 향후 연구방향을 논의하였다. The purpose of this study is to build a knowledge-based model of venture growth. In doing so, we try to understand the new venture growth process with knowledge strategy in a new venture context. This study presents the results of empirical analysis based on surveys of CEOs in representative ventures in Korea that received research funds from KTB. A knowledge-based venture-growth model consists of two kinds of growth processes : The first one is a macro-process perspective that explains the organizational changes of dominant problems and configuration along growth stages or organizational life cycle. We adopt the more common distinction of three growth stages : Startup, growth, and maturity. The second one is the micro-process perspective that explains the internal process of new venture growth. This research suggests a model of a RLR(Recognition of problems, Learning, and Resolution of problems) cycle to explain the internal mechanism of growth stage transition. Learning is the key to accumulate the necessary competence and capability to solve the confronted problems. We additionally suggest a typology of knowledge strategy according to levels of internal and external learning. There seems to be four types of knowledge strategy in knowledge domains of market and technology. The loner type is just exploiting the existing knowledge base with lesser learning. They appear in a more stable and simple environment. The networker type learns actively from external sources of knowledge like institutions, universities, and other companies. The networker type is more active in the dynamic and complex market and market knowledge domain. The engineer type creates new knowledge mostly based on their internal knowledge base. This type is more prevalent in the technology domain. The Janus type uses both methods of internal and external learning and is more prevalent in dynamic and complex environments. Effective knowledge strategies are different in two knowledge domains along three growth stages. In the market knowledge domain, the Janus type grows seven times faster than loner type in the growth stage. The Janus type grows three times faster than networker type in the maturity stage. Obviously firms grow slower in the maturity stage than those in earlier stages. In the technological knowledge domain, the engineer type grows faster than the loner type in the startup stage. The growth rate is 90 percent higher than that of the loner type. In the growth stage, the networker type grows three times faster than the loner type. Interestingly the loner type grows almost twice as fast as the networker and engineer type in the maturity stage. On average, new ventures in the startup stage grow faster than those in the maturity stage. Some academic and managerial implications with some limitations are discussed. Also, this paper provides directions for further studies to understand new venture growth based on knowledge-based perspectives.

중소기업의 성장단계별 지원정책에 관한 탐색적 연구

이재범(Lee, Jae-Beom) 한국산학기술학회 2013 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.14 No.5

본 연구는 충남(천안․아산)지역 중소기업을 대상으로 성장단계별(창업․성장․확장)기업이 필요로 하는 지원정책 을 측정하기 위하여 시도 되었다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 창업단계에서는 자금과 인력, 판로, 기술 그리고 창 업․성장․확장단계는 조직 관리를 핵심역할로 인식하였다. 지원정책 관련, 창업단계에서는 자금, 성장단계는 국내마케팅 과 인력, 확장단계는 해외마케팅과 연구개발지원을 성장단계별 필요한 지원정책으로 인식하였다. 둘째, 경향방향(방침) 관련, 창업단계는 기존시장진입과 틈새시장진입을 성장단계에서는 시장창출로 인식하였다. 셋째, 핵심인력은 창업단계 는 기술과 영업 그리고 경영기획인력, 창업과 확장단계는 마케팅, 확장단계에서는 생산인력을 성장단계별 핵심인력으 로 인식하였다. 넷째, 자금은 창업과 성장단계는 기술개발자금, 공장입지확보자금, 인력운영자금, 판로확보자금, 운영 자금을 확장단계는 설비투자자금을 성장단계별 필요자금으로 인식하였다. 다섯째, 중점기술 관련, 창업단계는 신제품 개발, 기존제품개선, 기존공정개선, 신공정개발, 성장단계는 가공기술, 확장단계에서는 신공정개발을 성장단계별 중점 기술로 인식하였다. 여섯째, 판매방식 관련, 창업단계는 대기업납품, 해외시장판매, 공공기관납품, 중소기업납품으로 인식하였다. 일곱째, 창업단계에서는 창업보육지원, 연구개발 지원, 정보교류, 연구개발성과 활용 및 판매지원, 공장설 립 입지지원으로 인식하였다. 경영관리와 관련, 성장단계는 교육, 확장단계에서는 시험생산을 지역기관에 요구하는 지 원프로그램으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. This study performed empirical analysis to estimate SMEs needs in terms of business support policy by growth stages(start-up․growth․expansion). The subject is the SMEs in Cheonan and Asan, ChungNam and the results are as follows. First, In the initial start-up stage, management plays a key role in dealing with money, labor force, markets and technology while running the organization is a key role of the management in the expansion stage. Major policies to help SMEs grow includes money provision needed in the start-up stage, domestic marketing assistance and the provision of human resources in the growth stage, and assistance in foreign marketing and R&D in the expansion stage. Second, To achieve markets businesses aim at entering the existing and niche markets in the initial phase, and creating new markets in the growth phase. Third, Labor force for technology, sales and management planning in the start-up stage, marketing in the growth stage, and labor force for production in the expansion stage are core man- power needed. Fourth, Money for technology development, securing land for factories, organizing man power, securing markets and running the company is needed in the initial and growth stages while fund for facility investment is needed to grow in the expansion stage. Five, Regarding technology, the initial stage needs technology related to new product development, renewing existing products, improving the existing manufacturing process or developing new manufacturing process, while the growth stage needs processing techniques, and the expansion stage needs technology for developing new manufacturing process. Sixth, Making supply contracts with conglomerates, SMEs and public institutions, and sales to foreign markets are ways for SMEs to grow sales. Seventh, What SMEs wish to get includes business incubating support, R&D assistance, information exchanges, practical use of the R&D results, merchandising support, help with the land to build factories and custom-made support for management in the foundation stage while the support they want to get in the growth stage and in the expansion stage is training assistance and trial production respectively.

기술기반 벤처기업의 단계별 성장요인: ㈜나노신소재 사례 중심으로

정찬우,이원일 한국벤처창업학회 2021 벤처창업연구 Vol.16 No.6

In this study, a case study was conducted on Advanced Nano Products Co.,Ltd, a company that was established in 2000 and has the core technology to produce and commercialize nano materials and ultrafine nano powders based on nano technology. Deviating from the general case study, a case study analysis frame was set based on the theory of technology management and industry-university cooperation theory, and cases were analyzed. In this case study, Advanced Nano Products Co.,Ltd. was analyzed from two analytical perspectives: the establishment of a Management Of Technology system within the company and the Industry-Academic Cooperation activity. Based on this theoretical-based analysis framework, company visit interviews and related data research and analysis were conducted. As a result of the study of the case company, it was possible to derive how the technology management and industry-university cooperation affect the growth stage of the company as follows. First, the strategic use of technology management is an important factor in strengthening the competitive advantage and core competencies of venture companies, and for survival and growth of startups in the early stages. Second, strategic use of technology management and patents and establishment of a patent management system are a part of business strategy and play a pivotal role in corporate performance. Third, the human and material infrastructure of universities affects the growth of companies in the early stage of start-up, and the high utilization of industry-university cooperation promotes the growth of companies. Fourth, continuous industry-academic cooperation activities in the growth and maturity stages of a company's growth stage are the basis for activating external exchanges and building networks. Lastly, technology management and industry-university cooperation were found to be growth factors for each growth stage of a company. In order for a company to develop continuously from the start-up to the growth and maturity stages, it is necessary to establish a technology management system from the beginning and promote strategic technology management activities. In addition, it can be said that it is important to carry out various industry-academic cooperation activities outside the company. As a result of the case analysis, it was found that Advanced Nano Products Co.,Ltd, which performed these two major activities well, overcame the crisis step by step and continued to grow until now. This study shows how the use of technology management and industry-academic cooperation creates value in each growth stage of technology-based venture companies. In addition, its active use will play a big role in the growth of other venture companies. The results of this case study can be a valid reference for growth research of technology start-up venture companies and related field application and utilization. 본 연구에서는 2000년 설립하여 나노기술(Nano Technology)기반으로 나노소재 및 초미립 나노분말을 생산하고 제품화하는 핵심기술력을 보유한 기업인 ㈜나노신소재의 사례연구를 하였다. 일반적인 사례연구에서 벗어나 이론에 기반하여 기술경영과 산학협력 이론을 기반으로 사례연구 분석프레임을 설정하였으며 사례를 분석하였다. 본 사례연구에서는 ㈜나노신소재를 기업 내부적으로 기술경영(Management Of Technology) 체계 구축과 기업 외부 및 협력적인 측면에서 산학협력(Industry-Academic Cooperation) 활동이라는 두 가지 분석관점으로 분석하였다. 이러한 이론적 기반의 분석틀을 기반으로 기업방문 인터뷰 및 관련 자료 조사 분석을 실시하였다. 사례기업의 연구결과, 기술경영과 산학협력이 기업의 성장단계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 다음과 같이 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 기술경영의 전략적 활용은 벤처기업의 경쟁우위와 핵심역량을 강화하고 창업 초기 기업의 생존과 성장에 중요한 요소이다. 둘째, 기술경영 및 특허의 전략적 활용과 관리체계 구축은 사업전략의 일원이며 기업성과에 중추적인 역할을 한다. 셋째, 대학의 인적·물적 인프라는 창업 초기 기업의 성장에 영향을 미치며 산학협력의 높은 활용도는 기업의 성장을 촉진한다. 넷째, 기업의 성장단계 중 성장기·성숙기에 있어 지속적인 산학협력 활동은 외부 교류 활성화 및 네트워크 구축에 기반이 된다. 마지막으로 기술경영과 산학협력은 기업의 성장단계별 성장요인이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 기업이 창업 이후 성장기, 성숙기에 이르는 지속적 발전을 위해서는 초기부터 기술경영 체계를 구축하고 전략적인 기술경영 활동을 추진하는 것이 필요하다. 또한, 기업 외부적으로 다양한 산학협력 활동을 수행하는 것이 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 사례분석 결과 이러한 두가지 주요 활동을 잘 수행한 ㈜ 나노신소재는 단계별로 위기를 잘 극복하고 현재까지 지속적인 성장을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 기술경영과 산학협력의 활용이 기술기반 벤처기업의 각각의 성장단계에 어떠한 가치를 발생시키는지 보여주고 있다. 또한, 이의 적극적 활용은 다른 벤처기업의 성장에도 큰 역할을 할 것이다. 본 사례연구의 결과는 기술창업 벤처기업의 성장연구와 관련 현장 적용 및 활용에 유효한 참고가 될 수 있을 것이다.

소상공인 주요 성과요인의 성장단계별 차이분석

이남주,허태규,이충섭 한국회계정보학회 2013 회계정보연구 Vol.31 No.4

This study analyzes main performance factors of small business in the stage of growth and the differential effect of factors on performance based on the stages. The stage of growth in small business are classifies as start-up, growth, and maturity stages. Performance factors are consisted of management characteristics, resource characteristics, and market environment of small businesses. According to analysis results, all management characteristics of small businesses except for risk taking propensity and reception ability of ambiguity show differential effect on performance by the stage of growth. Those are desire to accomplishment, locus control, business experience, management ability, and specialty. In terms of resource characteristics, employee excellence, favorable location, and item suitability gives no significant effect on performance in all stage of growth and therefore do not show differential effect on performance by the stages. However fund size, technological ability, attractive location, and item distinction show differential effect by the stages. Based on analysis results, market competition and market uncertainty are no significant performance factors in all stages of growth, but market growth gives significant effect on performance in all stages. Therefore, market environmental characteristics of small business do not show differential effect on performance by the stage of growth. On the whole, results of this study suggest that future studies in performance of small business which consider the impact of growth stages are activated all the more. 본 연구에서는 소상공인의 성장단계별 성과요인을 파악하고, 주요 성과요인이 성장단계에 따라 차별적으로 나타나는지를 분석하였다. 소상공인의 성장단계는 개업초기와 성장기 및 성숙기를 대상으로 하였으며, 경영성과 요인은 경영자특성과 자원특성 및 시장 환경특성을 종합적으로 고려하였다. 분석결과에 따르면, 소상공인의 경영자특성은 위험감수성향과 모호성수용능력을 제외한 성취욕구, 자발적 행동통제, 사업경험, 관리적 역량 및 전문성이 모두 성장단계별로 경영성과에 차별적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 자원특성의 경우에는 종업원우수성과 입지우월성 및 아이템적합성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향은 모든 성장단계에서 비유의적으로 나타나 차별성이 없는 것으로 분석되지만 자금규모, 기술력, 상권매력도 및 아이템차별성은 성장단계별로 성과에 미치는 영향이 차이를 나타내는 것으로 파악되었다. 시장 환경특성의 경우에는 모든 성장단계에서 시장경쟁과 시장불확실성은 비유적인 성과요인이지만 시장성장성은 유의적인 성과요인으로 분석되었다. 따라서 시장 환경특성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향은 성장단계에 따른 차이를 나타내지 않는 것으로 본다. 이상의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 향후 성장단계의 영향을 고려한 소상공인의 경영성과 연구가 더욱 활성화될 필요가 있다.

먹이생물에 따른 피조개 Scapharca broughtonii 유생의 발달단계별 성장과 생존

민병희 한국패류학회 2018 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.34 No.2

Supply of proper microalgae is very critical because it determines total production and cost of larval Ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii during larval development stages. Besides, nutrient requirements of microalgae should be carefully determined for successful larval Ark shell production. In order to improve utilization of microalgae being used for artificial Ark shell seed production and optimum larval growth of Ark shell, growth and survival (%) of larvae on development stage of Scapharca broughtonii fed on four different microalgal species (Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri and Chaetoceros simplex, Tetraselmis tetrathele) were investigated. In D shape stage the larvae fed on mixed diet with four microalgal species showed the highest growth in shell length (129.6 ± 5.7 μm) and survival (84.2 ± 5.8%) (P < 0.05). The growth and survival (%) of the larvae fed on mixed diet with two microalgal species of P. lutheri + C. simplex were lower than mixed diet with four microalgal species and significantly higher than other mixed diet with two microalgal species (P < 0.05). Such change in the growth and survival of larvae fed on different microalgal species varies with larval development stages although a similar tendency on the growth, daily increment of shell length and survival in D shape, early umbone, umbone and late umbone stages were observed. In D shape stage the larvae fed on the feeding concentration (2 × 104 cells/mL/day) of mixed diet with four microalgal species showed the highest growth in shell length (125.8 ± 5.1 μm) and the feeding concentration (1 × 104 cells/mL/day) of mixed diet showed the highest survival (88.3 ± 4.9%) (P < 0.05). The growth of larvae tended to be higher, the higher the feeding concentration of diet but the lower survival of larvae showed, the higher feeding concentration of diet. Such change in the growth and survival of larvae fed on concentrations of mixed diet with four microalgal species varies with larval development stages although a similar tendency on the growth, daily increment of shell length and survival in D shape, early umbone, umbone and late umbone stages were observed. Daily feeding concentrations of 1 × 104- 2 × 104 cells/mL of microalgae mixed two species including C. simplex were very effective.

Developmental Stages of Akebia trifoliata Fruit Based on Volume

Hao Yang,Wei Chen,Peng Fu,Shengfu Zhong,Ju Guan,Peigao Luo 한국원예학회 2021 원예과학기술지 Vol.39 No.6

Akebia trifoliata, commonly named augmelon (means August plus melon), has been domesticating as a new artificial cultivation fruit crop in China for several years. Generally, field management measurements are severely dependent on the development dynamic of harvest organs, and therefore the study of fruit development stage of A. trifoliata is urgent in production. In this study, four cloned lines with various spindle, nephroid, pyriform and Banana-like shapes, were selected to observe fruit developmental parameters, including volume, weight, length and width from pollination to maturity. Volume rather than length or width, which can minimize the influence of fruit shape on growth stage, was finally employed as a primary parameter for dividing developmental stages. Then a Logistic model of volume growth was established according to the data of pyriform fruit, and the other three fruits were employed to the suitability of this mathematical model. The resulted showed that the growth curve of augmelon appeared typical double sigmoid shape for all four shapes fruits. Based on four inflection points of volume growth curve, the fruit development of augmelon was classified five developmental stages in the order: fast stretch (FS) stage lasting for 48 days, shape stabilization (SS) stage lasting for 30 days, tardy expansion (TE) stage lasting for 51 days, suspended expansion (SE) stage lasting for 21 days and fast expansion (FE) stage lasting for 30 days. Comprehensively, volume was an ideal growth parameter for dividing fruit developmental stage of augmelon, and five-stage growth model could be applied as reference for both gardener and scientist to refer to the fruit growth status.

Characteristics of Growth-Stage-Based Nutrient Uptake of Lettuce Grown by Fertigation Supply in a Greenhouse

Seul-Bi Lee,Yang-Min Kim,Jwa-Kyung Sung,Ye-Jin Lee,Deog-Bae Lee 한국토양비료학회 2018 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.51 No.4

As fertigation facilities in a greenhouse have increased, information on the nutrient requirement along the plant growth stages is highly needed. This study investigated the nutrient uptake pattern of leafy lettuce cultivated in a pot filled with a sandy loam soil in a greenhouse from March to June in 2016 and to calculate the amount of nutrient supply with growth stages of lettuce by fertigation system. With different nitrogen (N) top-dressing supply levels (0.5N, 0.75N, 1.0N, and 1.5N) by soil NO₃-N based recommendation, the characteristics of growth and nutrient uptake of lettuce along the growth stages have been evaluated. Soil NO₃-N decreased along the growth stages, having no significant differences among N supply levels lettuce leaf growth showed linear growth patterns and there was no clear difference in growth and nutrient uptake among N supply levels. The growth of lettuce was 17%, 38%, and 64% of total accumulated growth of lettuce (dried weight, averaged N supply level) after 40 days, 50 days, and 60 days after seeding (DAS), respectively, reached to 38.9 kg 10a<SUP>-1</SUP> at 70 DAS. Mineral uptake (N, P₂O5, and K₂O) of lettuce along the growth stages, showing different patterns with nutrient species, was characterized into increasing pattern in N uptake, steady-increasing pattern in P₂O5 uptake, and step-like pattern in case of K₂O uptake. With growth stages of lettuce, the N uptake was 26%, 17%, 20%, and 37% of total N uptake, 24%, 3%, 12%, and 50% in case of total P₂O5 uptake, and 20%, 31%, 12%, and 34% of total K₂O uptake. In conclusion, the scheduling of the fertigation nutrient supply designed on the basis of daily nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency by fertigation system could contribute to maintain stable productivity of lettuce and ameliorate the nutrient accumulation of greenhouse soil.

Effects of Electrical Conductivity on Growth and Yield of Hydroponically-Grown Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis)

Young Yeol Cho,Jung Eek Son 한국원예학회 2007 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.48 No.2

Management of electrical conductivity (EC) is very important for crop growth in hydroponics. To determine the effect of EC on growth and yield of pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) with growth stage, fresh and dry weights, number of leaves, yield, crop growth rate, and yield per area were evaluated in deep flow technique and nutrient film technique systems under different EC conditions. The growth stages were divided into two stages: stage 1, from seedling emergence to transplanting with 3 or 4 true leaves; stage 2, from transplanting to harvest at fresh weight ≥ 60g. The EC conditions were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 dSㆍm?¹ for growth stage 1 and 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 dSㆍm?¹ for growth stage 2. In growth stage 1, shoot fresh weight was highest at 1.5 dSㆍm-1, while shoot dry weight was highest at 2.0 dSㆍm?¹. Both shoot fresh and dry weights were lowest at 1.0 dSㆍm?¹. In growth stage 2, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves were highest at 2.0 dSㆍm?¹. Both shoot fresh and dry weights were highest at 2.5 dSㆍm?¹. Yield per area was highest at 2.0 and 2.5 dSㆍm?¹. Except for 1.0 dSㆍm?¹, no significant differences in shoot fresh, dry weights and yield per area were observed. Cumulative water absorption per plant was highest at 2.0 dSㆍm?¹. Adequate ECs for growth and yield of pak-choi were 1.5-2.0 dSㆍm?¹ from seedling emergence to transplanting and 2.0 dSㆍm?¹ from transplanting to harvest. Optimum conditions of EC could improve the growth and yield of hydroponically-grown pak-choi.

기술기반창업기업의 기업활동이 기업성장에 미치는 영향

이명종,주영진 한국벤처창업학회 2019 벤처창업연구 Vol.14 No.6

Most technology-based entrepreneurship(TBE) go through an process of decline or disappear without overcoming the valley of death(VoD). The purpose of this study is to identify the growth dimension of TBE and to test the influence of firms activities on firms growth over time. This study identified the two-dimensional growth dimension divided by size and profit through exploratory factor analysis(EFA) of a number of growth indicators. Then, we defined the discrete state of growth firm in four states, divided by size and profit, and five states, including the closure of business. Multi-nomial logit model is used to predict the effect of TBE activities on a discrete state of growth firm(size×profit, closure of business) based on multiple independent variables. The independent variables are based on five representative firms activities: employment, marketing, R&D, financial activities, and general management activities. The growth stage of TBE over time has been categorized into three stages: early stage, middle stage, and late stage of business, taking into account the main periods during which the survival rate of startups sharply decreases. The analytical data of this study was based on the secondary data of the start-up supporting companies of government and public institutions. The subjects of analysis were TBE within 10 years. As a result of the empirical analysis, the employment and marketing activities of TBE show that early and mid-term activities had an effect on the state of firms growth. However, if there is a difference, employment activities have both positive and negative effects, while marketing activities have only a positive effect on size and profit growth. And besides, R&D activities, financial activities, and general management activities throughout the entire process of firms growth were found to be firms activities that have both positive and negative effects on firms growth. In addition, the age of the founder, the firms' industry, and the geographic location of the firms, which are general characteristics of the company, were found to have a distinctive effect on the growth status of the firms according to the growth stage. 대부분의 기술기반창업기업이 죽음의 계곡(VoD: valley of death)을 극복하지 못하고 쇠퇴하거나 소멸하는 과정을 겪게 된다. 본 연구는 기술기반창업기업의 성장차원을 구분하고, 기술기반창업기업의 기업활동이 기업성장에 미치는 영향력의 시간 흐름에 따른 변화를 확인할 목적으로 수행되었다. 본 연구는 다수의 성장지표에 대한 탐색적요인분석(EFA: exploratory factor analysis)을 통해 규모와 수익으로 구분된 2차원의 성장차원을 확인하였으며, 규모와 수익으로 구분된 4가지 상태와 폐업을 포함한 5가지 상태의 이산적 기업성장상태를 정의하였다. 기술기반창업기업의 기업활동이 기업성장에 미치는 영향은 고용활동, 마케팅활동, 연구개발활동, 재무활동, 일반관리활동 등 5가지 대표적인 기업활동을 독립변수로 하고, 이산적 기업성장상태(규모×수익, 폐업)를 종속변수로 한 다항로짓모형(MNL: multi-nomial logit model)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 시간 흐름에 따른 기술기반창업기업의 성장단계는 창업생존율이 급격하게 저하되는 주요 기간을 고려하여 창업초기, 창업중기, 창업후기 등의 3단계로 업력을 범주화하였다. 본 연구의 분석자료는 정부·공공기관의 창업지원기업에 대한 2차자료를 바탕으로 하였으며, 분석대상은 업력 10년 이내의 기술기반창업기업으로 하였다. 분석결과 기술기반창업기업의 고용활동과 마케팅활동은 창업초기와 중기의 활동이 기업성장상태에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 고용활동은 긍정적 영향과 부정적 영향을 함께 미치는 반면, 마케팅활동은 규모와 수익 성장에 긍정적 영향만을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 연구개발활동, 재무활동, 일반관리활동은 기업성장 전 과정에서 기업성장상태에 긍정적 영향과 부정적 영향을 함께 미치는 기업활동으로 나타났다. 아울러 기업의 고유특성인 창업자 창업당시 연령, 기업의 업종 및 소재지역은 성장단계에 따라 기업성장상태에 차별적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다.