종사상 지위별 음식 배달 종사자의 이륜차 산업재해 특성 분석

문병두,이수동,정기효 한국안전학회 2022 한국안전학회지 Vol.37 No.6

This study analyzes the characteristics of occupational accidents of food delivery via motorcycle in terms of accident probability and work-days. Depending on their employment status, food-delivery workers were divided into “employed” workers (who work for restaurants) and “special-type” workers (who work for delivery platforms). Collected data include occupational accident-information during the last two years (1,468 cases for employed workers and 4,899 cases for special-type workers) and their risk information such as age, work experience, accident location, season of the accident, and weather conditions. The study finds that special-type workers had a significantly higher accident probability for the younger age group (80.8%), while employed workers had more accidents in both 20’s or younger (34.9%) and 50’s or older (25.4%). The number of work-days-lost was higher for special-type workers with less work experience, and it decreased with increasing work experience. Moreover, the chance for accidents was higher at night time (55%) than for day time (45%) for special-type workers as well as for employed workers. The number of work-days-lost was higher in foreign workers (180.79 days) than in Korean workers (121.44 days). Accident probability (30.7%) and work-days-lost (136.2 days) was higher in winter than in other seasons. In addition, accidents-per-day was higher on snowy days (12.7 cases per day) than rainy (8.1) and windy days (7.1). In addition, it was found that deadly accidents mainly caused injuries to face, head, and chest, while non-deadly accidents affected mainly the legs and feet. This study enables the development of better policies to prevent accidents of food delivery workers. -

디지털 플랫폼 워커의 법적 지위 - 배달기사 판례를 중심으로 -

하태희 전북대학교 부설법학연구소 2018 法學硏究 Vol.58 No.-

Development of digital information and communication technology has led the change of forms of employment from standard employment relationships to various forms. Especially, App labor takes the main part among the types the platform labor and it takes the bigger role in food delivery service area. Appearance of labor provider(referred as ‘platform worker’) who works based upon digital platform raises newly risen problems in labor protection. The problems of platform worker are status in labor law, application range of labor law, where the responsibility lies of labor recipient and so on. Therefore, this study is to discuss about legal status focusing on the case of delivery driver. Recent rapid growth of using delivery service through delivery app. causes the vagueness of employment relationship between delivery driver and delivery agency. This labor market blurs the distinction between dependency and independency and that vagueness of the distinction is expanding. Criterion to determine the employment status that has been kept since 1994th judical decision went through the small change after 2006th decision. In other words, as the court alleviated the subordinate labor relationship from ‘direct・detail’ to ‘considerable’, the uniqueness of delivery job is reflected. But, in the judicial decision of reviewing subject, supreme court conceded that under fact relevance deciding at the first and second trial, it is justifiable to decide that delivery driver is not defined as an employee according to the Labor Standard Act because the delivery driver offers the labor for the purpose of wage under supervision·direction of delivery service agency. It is significant that supreme court interprets delivery driver as courier and possible recipients of Industrial AccidentCompensation Insurance Act as an independent contract worker but, it does not mean that the supreme court approved delivery driver as an independent contract worker becomes a recipients of Accident Compensation Insurance Act. This position of the Supreme court elicits the criticism that the court narrowly interprets the definition of subordinate labor and the irrelevance of defining only subordinate laborer as a recipient of Labor Standards Act and Social Security Act considering the diversification of types of employment, therefore protection scope of social security law should be defined unlike the definition of laborer in Labor Standards Act. New type of employment which is based on platform, such as on demand economy or crowd work raises employee problem(legal position problem) of platform worker as an employee problem of special form of employment. Therefore, in addition to the criticism of the case that narrowly interprets the definition of subordinate labor, it is necessary to reexamine the fact that only subordinate workers are able to become recipients of the Labor Standards Act and social security Act. 디지털 정보통신기술의 발달은 산업구조를 제조업 중심에서 서비스업 중심으로 재편하고있다. 특히 서비스업 유형가운데 앱노동이 주를 이루고 있고, 음식배달서비스분야에서 앱노동의 역할이 커지고 있다. 디지털 플랫폼을 기반으로 하는 노무제공자(이하 ‘플랫폼 워커’라 한다)는 노동법적 보호의 대상으로 지정한 근로자의 지위에 명확히 일치하지 않는다. 따라서 플랫폼 워커는 노동법상 근로자에 해당하는지, 해당한다면 노동법을 어느 범위까지 적용을 받을수 있는지, 노무를 제공받는 자의 책임 소재는 누구에게 있는 지 등이 문제된다. 본 논문은 배달기사 판례를 중심으로 법적 지위에 대하여 논하고자 한다. 최근 배달 앱을 이용한 배달대행업이 성행하면서 대두되고 있는 문제는 배달대행업체와 배달기사와의 관계가 고용관계로 간주할 수 있는지 모호하다는 점이다. 이렇듯 노동시장은 종속성과 독립성의 경계가 명확하지 않으며 그 경계의 모호성이 계속 확대되고 있다. 1994년 판결 이후 지속된 근로자성 판단기준은 2006년 판결 이후 약간의 변용을 겪게 된다. 즉, 사용종속관계에 대하여 ‘구체적·직접적’에서 ‘상당한’으로 완화되면서 직업의 특수성을반영하고 있다. 하지만 검토대상판결에서 대법원은 1심과 2심에서 인정된 사실관계로 보아 배달기사는 배달대행업체의 지휘·감독 아래에서 임금을 목적으로 근로를 제공한 근로기준법상근로자에 해당하지 않는다고 판단한 것은 정당하다고 보았다. 대법원이 배달기사를 택배기사로 해석하고 특수형태근로종사자로서 산재보험법의 적용대상이 될 수 있음을 보여준 것은 의미가 있지만, 배달기사가 산재보험법의 적용 대상인 특수형태근로종사자라고 본 것은 아니다.배달기사의 법원 판결에 대해 사용종속의 개념을 협소하게 보고 있다는 해석상의 비판 이외에도 고용형태의 다변화 등을 고려할 때 종속근로자만을 노동법과 사회보장법의 적용대상으로삼는 것은 타당하지 않고, 사회보장법의 보호 범위는 근로기준법상의 근로자 개념과는 다르게정할 필요가 있다는 입법 정책적 비판이 다수 존재하고 있다. 주문형 경제나 크라우드워크 등 플랫폼을 기반으로 한 새로운 고용형태인 플랫폼 노동은 기존 특수형태근로종사자에 대한 근로자성의 문제와 마찬가지로 플랫폼 워커의 법적지위 문제를 제기한다. 플랫폼 이코노미의 확산으로 증가할 수밖에 없는 플랫폼 워커는 임금노동자와 자영업자의 경계에 서 있다. 열악한 근로조건을 개선하고 사회보장제도를 확대하는 정책 대안이필요하다.

배달 플랫폼 종사자를 위한 안전관리 개선 방안에 관한 연구

문준호,김홍관 한국재난정보학회 2023 한국재난정보학회 논문집 Vol.19 No.1

Purpose: In this study, to protect delivery platform workers from danger, we intend to propose a plan to improve safety management. Method: To protect delivery platform workers, safety-related legal systems and cases were found and analyzed, and statistical results derived from a survey of delivery platform workers were analyzed, and safety management improvement measures were presented. Result: In Korea, safety measures against weather deterioration were not clearly presented in the contents of the law for the safety of delivery platforms, and the survey confirmed that safety education was not fully conducted, and most of them experienced accidents by receiving calls through apps or programs during delivery. Conclusion: This study could suggest safety management improvement plans for delivery platform workers, but since detailed questionnaire items related to motorcycles were not investigated, various accident results that could occur due to motorcycles used by delivery platform workers could not be identified. 연구목적: 본 연구에서는 배달 플랫폼 종사자들을 위험으로부터 보호하기 위해 안전관리 개선 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법: 배달 플랫폼 종사자들을 보호하기 위해 국내와 국외에서 실시하고 있는 안전 관련 법제도 및 사례를 찾아 분석하였고, 배달 플랫폼 종사자들을 대상으로 설문을 진행하여 도출된 통계 결과와 국내·외 법제도 및 사례들을 분석하고 비교하여 안전관리 개선방안을 제시하였다. 연구결과: 국내에서는 배달 플랫폼 종사자의 안전을 위해 실시하고 있는 법의 내용에서 기상악화에 대한 안전대책이 명확하게 제시되지 않았고 설문조사 결과 안전교육 또한 완벽하게 이루어지지 않고 있는 것으로 확인되었으며 배달 도중 앱이나 프로그램을 통해 호출을 받아 대다수가 사고를 경험한 것으로 확인되었다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 배달 플랫폼 종사자들을 위한 안전관리 개선 방안을 제시할 수 있었지만 이륜차와 관련된 상세한 설문 항목은 조사하지 않았기 때문에 배달 플랫폼 종사자들이 주 운송수단으로 사용하고 있는 이륜차로 인해 발생할 수 있는 다양한 사고 결과를 확인할 수 없어 이륜차를 사용하여 배달할 경우 발생할 수 있는 사고에 대한 안전관리 개선방안은 제시할 수 없었다.

Association between exposure to violence, job stress and depressive symptoms among gig economy workers in Korea

Kim Min-Seok,Oh Juyeon,Sim Juho,Yun Byungyoon,Yoon Jin-Ha 대한직업환경의학회 2023 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Background: Gig workers, also known as platform workers, are independent workers who are not employed by any particular company. The number of gig economy workers has rapidly increased worldwide in the past decade. There is a dearth of occupational health studies among gig economy workers. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to violence and job stress in gig economy workers and depressive symptoms. Methods: A total of 955 individuals (521 gig workers and 434 general workers) participated in this study and variables were measured through self-report questionnaires. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 when the score was greater than or equal to 10 points. The odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, working hours, education level, exposure to violence and job stress. Results: 19% of gig economy workers reported depressive symptoms, while only 11% of general workers reported the depressive symptoms. In association to depressive symptoms among gig economy workers, the mainly result of odds ratios for depressive symptoms were as follows: 1.81 for workers type, 3.53 for humiliating treatment, 2.65 for sexual harassment, 3.55 for less than three meals per day, 3.69 for feeling too tired to do housework after leaving work. Conclusions: Gig economic workers are exposed to violence and job stress in the workplace more than general workers, and the proportion of workers reporting depressive symptoms is also high. These factors are associated to depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the gig workers associated between depressive symptoms and exposure to violence, job stress.

산모・신생아 건강관리사의 노동 경험: 시장화된 사회적 돌봄서비스 전달체계에 관한 비판적 고찰

조보배,김수영 한국여성정책연구원 2023 여성연구 Vol.119 No.4

The purpose of this study is to revisit the problems of the the marketized social care service system by illuminating the experiences of ‘Maternal and Newborn Health Care Workers’. Existing studies on uncovering the characteristics of social care-work have been largely discussed in terms of ‘undervaluation of care-work’, ‘gendered work’, and ‘women’s increasing engagement in low-paid jobs’ through empirical researches. Also, qualitative studies have tried to reveal the experiences of social care workers, focusing on ‘long-term’ care workers for the elderly or the disabled. ‘Maternal and newborn health care workers’ have common characteristics like other ‘long-term’ and ‘home-based care’ workers in terms of the ‘dispatched(to home) workers’, but they have the additional labor insecurity as ‘intermittent workers’ in terms of only providing ‘short-term’ care-services during the postpartum care period. The ‘shortness of work’ increases the difficulties of care workers as ‘dispatched workers’. Therefore, this study examined how social care workers experience and perceive care labor through qualitative data on five maternal and newborn health care workers. First, social care workers cannot identify exactly who are their final employers in their work like dispatched workers. Even when social care workers are dissatisfied with working conditions, they cannot express these anywhere because they are detached from the government or contracted institutions, which may be their employers. Second, having to work in private space (home) not in formal workplace, they experience their roles and their work scope are violated and blurred. Working isolated and alone, social care workers hardly communicate with other care workers and the attachment to the care recipients is often the only satisfaction they have with their work.

택배종사자의 직무스트레스 요인 특성에 관한 연구

이세정,진상은,장성록 한국안전학회 2023 한국안전학회지 Vol.38 No.4

Job stress factors are factors that induce biological, psychological, and behavioral responses in individuals when they encounter mental and physical stimuli in the workplace. According to occupational safety and health standards, employers are responsible for the health consequences of job stress when workers engage in activities that result in high levels of physical fatigue and mental stress. Such activities include long working hours, shift work (including night shifts), driving vehicles, and operating precision machinery. Therefore, precautionary measures should be implemented. Following the COVID-19 epidemic, the logistics industry in Korea has experienced rapid growth owing to the shift from offline to online platforms facilitated by advanced digital infrastructure. Consequently, this study conducted a survey to analyze job stress factors among delivery workers. The survey utilized a Korean job stress factor assessment tool comprising 43 items and analyzed job stress factors considering the work characteristics of the courier business field obtained from responses provided by 421 courier workers nationwide. The survey analysis revealed that the physical environment, job demands, and job autonomy exhibited higher stress indices among Korean workers. Furthermore, the younger the age, the higher the stress on job demands, whereas the higher the age, the higher the stress on relationship conflict, job instability, and workplace culture. In addition, daytime delivery work was associated with higher stress levels in job demands and job instability compared with nighttime delivery work. These findings can serve as foundational data for reducing and preventing job stress among courier workers, whose workload has increased owing to the growth of the logistics industry.

택배 배송 작업의 공정분석을 통한 인간공학적 접근 방안

이세정,진상은,장성록 한국안전학회 2024 한국안전학회지 Vol.39 No.1

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the logistics industry in Korea has rapidly been expanding, with offline demand concentrating on online platforms owing to the development of digital infrastructure. This has increased the workload of courier drivers considerably, along with labor intensity. A delivery driver died recently from overwork due to the continuous increase in delivery volume, which raises social concerns. Delivery drivers work long hours, (over 12 hours) and are greatly affected by weather conditions, such as snow, rain, heat waves, and cold waves. In addition, they lack a fixed workplace; perform atypical work handling workpieces of various sizes, weights, and shapes; and spend a large amount of time driving as part of their work. This work involves a high level of tension and requires attention and concentration. Despite the frequency of industrial accidents in the courier industry, studies on safety and health to quantitatively analyze and systematize the work of courier workers are very scarce. Therefore, to define the work process necessary for investigating the harmful factors in delivery service and the work analysis, this study conducted interviews and on-site surveys to analyze the unit work of the delivery service by targeting delivery workers. In other words, a framework of unit work for work analysis was presented to enable research and analysis by considering the aforementioned characteristics of the courier industry. The process was broadly divided into work, transport, storage, delay, and inspection. Work was divided into loading, sorting, unloading, and door subcategories, and transportation was divided into vehicle, cart, and walking subcategories as well as 10 small processes. Moreover, 22 unit works were again drawn by conducting field surveys and interviews. The risk of unit work derived from this study was ergonomically evaluated, and the ergonomic analysis revealed that uploading and transportation were the most dangerous. The results of this study could be used as basic data for preventing industrial accidents among courier workers, whose work has increased with the logistics volume and the development of the logistics industry.

특집 II | 주변부의 노동 : 도로 위의 노동자들: 위장 자영인 의 근로자성 인정여부 -퀵서비스 기사와 대리운전 기사를 중심으로-

김대연 ( Dae Yeon Kim ),손익찬 ( Ik Chan Son ),이동호 ( Dong Ho Lee ),이상준 ( Sang Joon Lee ) 서울대학교 공익인권법센터 2011 공익과 인권 Vol.9 No.-

모든 국민은 헌법 제32조에 따라 근로의 권리 및 법률이 정하는 최저근로조건 이상의 환경에서 일할 권리를 보장받는다. 우리 법제도는 근로기준법, 사회보장법 등을 통해 이러한 내용을 구체화하고 있다. 그렇지만 이러한 보장은 근로하는 모든 국민에게 미치지는 않는다 해당 법에서 ``근로자``로 인정을 받은 직종에 종사하는 국민에게만 해당사항이 있을 뿐이다. 본 연구는 위 ``근로자``로 인정을 받지 못한 직종에 종사하는 국민의 ``근로자성``을 인정하는 연구다. 사회가 복잡·다양해지면서 전통적인 근로자가 가지는 외연과는 다른, 새로운 형태의 직업군이 등장하게 되었다. 그 중, 근로자와 사용자의 외연을 동시에 갖춘 자들을 우리 법제도는 ``특수형태근로종사자``라 불렀다. 그런데 이들 중 사실상 근로자성의 징표가 더 강하게 드러나기 때문에 기존 법해석론에 따라서 근로자로 분류될 수 있는 자들이 있으며 이들을 ``진정한 의미의 특수형태 근로종사자``와 구별하여 ``위장 자영인``이라고 부를 수 있다. 위장 자영인은 사실상 현행법이 인정하는 근로자와 비슷한 정도의 종속관계 아래에서 노동을 제공하면서도 그 처우에서는 근로자와 동등하지 못한 대우를 받고 있다. 이와 관련하여, 과거 법원은 특수형태근로종사자를 근로자로 인정하지 않았으나, 시간이 흐르면서 일부 특수형태근로종사자의 근로자성을 인정하기 시작했다. 개별 직종별로 판단하던 기존의 법원 태도는 2006년 학원강사 판결 (대법원 2006.12.7. 선고 2004다29736판결) 이후 일정한 판단기준을 마련하는 듯한 모습을 취하였다. 본 연구는 특수형태근로종사자 중 ``도로(道路)``위의 노동자`` 의 근로자성 인정을 위한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 많은 형태의 도로 위 노동자 중 본 연구에서는 ``퀵서비스 기사`` 와 ``대리운전 기사``의 근로자성 인정을 연구목적으로 선정하였다. 이를 위해 본 글에서는 위 학원강사 판결로부터 도출한 ``8징표``를 기준으로 총 34개의 법원 판례를 선별하여, 이들로부터 특수형태근로종사자의 근로 자성을 판단하는 경향성을 도출하였다. 또한 문헌연구를 통해 퀵서비스 기사와 대리운전 기사의 근로조건 및 제반 사항을 파악하였고, 이를 좀 더 실질적으로 파악하기 위하여 인터뷰를 각 실시함으로써 ``법의 회색지대(gray zone)에`` 있는 도로 위의 노동자들의 근로자성을 인정할 근거를 제시하고자 하였다. All citizens have the right to work in conditions above the minimum labor standards according to the Article 32 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. The Korean legal system specifies this right under the Labor Standards Act and the Social Security Act. However, this does not cover all citizens equally but only those who are officially recognized as employed workers with their occupations. This study aims to explore the possibility of granting legally an employed worker`s status for those outside the current protection. In an increasingly complex and diverse society, we see new types of occupations, or so-called "special-type labor," which appear to have both employee and employer characteristics. As some of these newly emerging jobs show more vivid characteristics of an employee than those of an independent business owner and thus qualify for an employed worker`fs status within the traditional jurisprudence, they can be called "disguised self-employment." These workers, subordinate to their de facto employers, provide their labor while being denied their fair rights to sound working conditions. The Korean judiciary branch has long denied an employed worker`fs status for those special-type labor with slight changes in its recognition of few occupations only recently, The Supreme Court seems to prepare an across-the-board judgment criteria since its ruling in 2006 on the eligibility of a teacher at private tutoring schools for a legal employment status. This paper is to show that workers on the street should be granted employed workers`f status in the current legal system. This research specifically focuses on the door-to-door motorcycle delivery and chauffeur call service. The authors derived eight judgment criteria from the aforementioned Korean Supreme Court`fs ruling on a private tutor`fs eligibility, applied this standard to thirty-four legal cases, and analyzed tendencies and fluctuations in legal discourses. We also reviewed relevant literature to take hold of the general working conditions and further conducted interviews with the actual workers in both occupations. This article aims to show evidence supporting the eligibility for an employed worker`fs status in favor of the working poor in the gray zone of the current Korean legal system.

Limits of Dose Management for Transport Worker in Nuclear Power Plant

Si Young Kim,Seok-Ju Hwang,Jung-Kwon Son 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

According to attached Table 1 of the Enforcement Ordinance of the Nuclear Safety Act, the effective dose limit of transport workers shall not exceed 6 mSv per year. In addition, the enforcement ordinance defines a transport worker as a person who transports radioactive substances outside the radiation management area and does not correspond to a radiation worker. In the nuclear power plants (NPPs), substances in radiation management areas are frequently transported inside or outside the plant. During loading of substances in the radiation management area onto the vehicle, the transport workers (including driver) are located outside the radiation management area. And also the exposure dose of transport workers is managed by using Automatic Dose Reader (ADR). However, the exposure dose of transport workers managed by NPP licensee is limited to the exposure caused by the transport actions required by the plant. This means that radiation exposure caused by the transport of radioactive materials carried out separately by individual transport workers other than the plant requirements cannot be managed. Therefore, even if the NPP licensee manages the transport worker’s dose below 6 mSv, it is difficult to guarantee that the total annual exposure dose, including the transport worker’s individual transport behavior, is less than 6 mSv. Therefore, it would be appropriate to manage the dose of the transport worker by the transport worker’s agency rather than by the NPP licensee.

음식배달 O2O 플랫폼 노동자의 서비스태도와 서비스품 질이 고객감정반응과 고객행동의도에 미치는 영향

차재빈,정현조,조미나 한국호텔리조트학회 2022 호텔리조트연구 Vol.21 No.5

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of service attitudes and service quality of food delivery O2O platform workers working in food delivery companies on customer emotional response and customer behavioral intentions. Research is needed to find factors that satisfy consumers in the food delivery market and factors that consumers value in the process of food delivery and to use them for effective marketing of restaurant and delivery companies. An online survey was conducted from November 1 to November 6, 2021 for customers who have used the delivery food service. Out of a total of 265 copies, 245 copies were used for analysis, excluding insincere responses. Through these research results, it is intended to derive theoretical and practical implications for the study of the importance of the service role of delivery workers and customer behavior, and to seek effective improvement directions for the delivery service of the O2O catering platform.