이라크 부족주의 연구 - 사담 시대 정치 엘리트와 신부족주의 관계를 중심으로 : 이라크 부족주의 연구

정상률(Jung Sang-Ryul) 한국중동학회 2006 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.27 No.1

Tribes and tribalism of Middle East are becoming new research area and issue area because of role enlargement of major tribes in the Middle Eastern States. Tribe and tribalism in the Middle East has been an historical entity and core of political, economic, and cultural action norm for a long time. But the role of tribe and tribalism was being declining in the process of nation-state building. As soon as it came to power in July 1968, the Bath Party announced in its Communique No.1 its rejection of "tribalism." ""We are against religious sectarianism, racism, and tribalism."" In later years, too, in official party ideology tribal shaikhs and tribalism have been regarded as the epitome of backwardness and social reaction. This policy to the tribalism has been continued in Saddam era since 1987. But anti-tribalism policy was changed in the late 1980s or in the early 1990s. The reason was that because Saddam"s regime faced in crisis of legitimacy not only in Arab society but also from outside world. Especially there was shii Intifada, anti-Saddam regime movement in the south Iraq in 1991. Saddam"s tribalism policy was centered on his tribe, the Albu Nasir tribe and some major tribes, the Dulaym tribal confederation, the Shammar tribal confederation, the al-Juburi tribal confederation, the Ubaydis tribal confederation, the Azza tribal confederation, the Takrit tribal confederation. Albu Nasir tribe is composed of core of power and other major tribes the first one of several circles of power. What is the meaning of study of tribalism? First, we have to consider tribe as the political actor in the Middle East, especially in Iraq because tribe is the entity in political process of Iraq. Second, We can ask following; what"s the status of tribe in state-society relations in Iraq? Is the tribe a part of state or a part of society in historical changing era? In Saddam era after 1990, there is the trend of statization of tribe or tribalization of state in Iraq. Third, there is dispute about "the character of state" of Iraq. Is the state of Iraq tribal state, or capitalist state(or state in capitalist society), or bureaucratic authoritative state, or Islamic state, rentier state? These dispute is very important issue in social science, especially political science. Fourth, we have to consider about the trend of political, social, economic change after 2003 Iraq war as social scientist. The study of every social scientist of Middle East, therefore, will be centered on the tribe or tribalism.

Political Elites and Tribalism in Palestine

Satar(사타르) 한국중동학회 2006 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.27 No.1

  본 연구는 팔레스타인 정치엘리트와 부족주의의 관계를 규명하기 위한 것이다. 즉, 부족과 가문이 정치엘리트의 형성과정에서 어떤 영향력을 갖는지를 연구하는 것이다. 이 연구에서는 다음과 같은 문제의식을 가지고 출발한다. 부족주의가 정치엘리트를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 하고 있는가? 만약 그렇다면, 그 영향력의 범위는 어디까지인가?<BR>  이 연구의 중요성은 아랍문화에서 부족주의가 정치, 문화, 경제적 행동에 큰 영향력을 가진다는 것과 부족주의를 주목하지 않고서는 아랍적 사고와 감성에 대한 연구 수행이 불가하다는데 있다. 아랍세계에서 부족주의는 정치결정과정에서 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 즉, 일반적으로 부족장이 정책결정을 하고, 진리를 대변하는 절대적인 대표자이다. 부족의 구성원들은 그 결정을 무조건적으로 수용한다. 이는 민주주의에 대한 커다란 도전을 의미한다. 다른 아랍 국가들에 비해서 팔레스타인 사람들은 부족체계에 관한 경험이 상대적으로 미약하지만, 그들도 여전히 부족적 분위기의 영향력 아래 놓여있다.<BR>  이 연구는 팔레스타인의 정치 조직과 구조의 이해뿐만 아니라 팔레스타인의 정치행위를 파악하는데도 매우 중요하다. 만약 부족주의가 팔레스타인에 만연되어 있다면, 정치적 삶은 대개 부족적일 것이다. 하지만 만약 그것이 온건적으로 실행되어 왔다면, 정치적 삶에 대한 영향도 온화할 것이다. 따라서 부족주의는 정치결정을 이해하기 위한 중요한 요소가 된다. 즉, 정치엘리트의 관계는 부족의 영향력 정도에 따라 결정된다고 볼 수 있다.

사우디아라비아의 부족주의 연구 - 정치엘리트와 부족주의 관계

금상문(Kum Sang-Moon) 한국중동학회 2006 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.27 No.1

  The word "tribalism" refer to two related but distinct concepts. The first concept is a social system. The other concept to which the word "tribalism" refers is the possession of a strong ethnic identity that separates oneself as a member of one group from the members of another. In this context, this study illuminates tribalism in the Saudi Arabia especially the relationship between political elites and tribalism.<BR>  So, characters and stands of tribes in saudi arabia are overall studied. And after establishment of saudi arabian state in arabia peninsula, general political power which carries out political functions is examined. In this result, the political power is appeared through the saud family, and this political power controls the tribe powers.<BR>  And power elites are studied. Namely, limited families and tribes are filled up as power elites specially as political elites. and they control the saudi arabian state and society.<BR>  In general, saudi arabian political elites from the royal family encourage saudi arabian national to saudi arabian nationalism in order to establish the legitimacy. And Saudi Arabia Government uses the tribalism as a governmental means. And saudi arabian royal political elites hold the regional election within not disturb the scope of the political order, but the resurrectional Islamists participate the regional election. So political elites in Saudi Arabia were frustrated to use tribalism. In this result, a dilemma is occurred to establish democracy. And political elites of none royal family encourage the state sprits and nationalism.<BR>  While political elites like provincial members feel the dilemma between the tribalism and statism. But provincial members follow the statism seeking the identity of tribalism.

아랍에미리트의 부족주의 연구 - 정치엘리트와 부족주의 관계 : 아랍에미리트의 부족주의 연구

장세원(Chang Se-Won) 한국중동학회 2006 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.27 No.1

The UAE is one of the representative tribal societies in the Middle East.The traditions of tribalism are deeply rooted in various fields of the UAE society. Among many fields, the tradition of tribalism has made significant influence on the maintenance of authority and power of the ruling family and their political mechanism. Even though the UAE has followed such western political systems of democracy as the presidential system and check and balance through separation of power since its establishment in the 1971, the tradition of tribalism still remains strongly in the political system of the UAE. In this respect, the aim of this article is to explore the major political elites in the UAE who govern and make the political decisions, and their relations to the tribalism in the UAE. For this purpose, the paper will examine the current situation of tribes who are residing in the UAE and their distributions. The paper will also highlight the current ruling tribes and the way they use tribalism in the process of seizing, relinquishing, and distributing of the political power. Even though most Arabs were nomads based on tribalism, the study has been ignored so far in Korea. The result will evokes further study on tribalism.

이란의 정치엘리트와 부족주의의 관계 연구

유달승(Yu Dal-Seung) 한국중동학회 2006 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.27 No.1

  States in Iran were formed from complex processes. Iranian dynasties from attacking of Saljuqs until Reza Shah in the 1920s were tribal in origin except the Safavids. State rulers were themselves originally tribal leaders or their descendants.<BR>  Tribes in Iran were formed out of the intersection of dependence on resources, external powers and pressures. Tribes and states in Iran through history were interdependent and maintained each other as a single system. State rulers especially depended on tribes for military power, revenue, and regional system. They found it useful to consider a group of people to be a tribe. Tribal leaders in Iran emerged from local, regional, and governmental relationship. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries tribal combinations were Iran"s largest and effective organized political groups. State rulers in Iran often had to share power with tribes. During the constitutional revolution in 1906-1911, tribal groups were major powers in the struggle over the Qajar state. Tribal groups and leaders were variously allied with and internal tribal and confederational struggle often mirrored the wider conflicts.<BR>  Many states in Iran began as tribal dynasties societies emerged confederacies, empires, and states. Tribal groups in Iranian history have ranged from small, loosely organized, noncentralized groups to fragmented and ephemeral tribal confederacies with centralized, hierarchical leadership systems. Tribes in Iran were a constant in that they offered a continual reservoir of military force.

이라크 종교엘리트와 부족주의 관계 연구 - 사담시대 정치시아주의를 중심으로

정상률(Jung Sang-Ryul) 한국중동학회 2007 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.28 No.1

  Tribes and tribalism of Middle East are becoming new research area and issue area because of role enlargement of major tribes in the Middle Eastern States. Tribe and tribalism in the Middle East has been an historical entity and core of political, economic, and cultural action norm for a long time.<BR>  Political Shi"ism in Iraq was a movement group to resist Baath regime but not anti-Arab nationalist. Because Arab political Shi"ists were alienated from Baath regime in political, economic, social area. Arab political Shi"ists have double identity, Arabs-Iraqi-Shi"ists. The leaders of political Shi"ism were not born in a specific family and tribe, but grown in religious environment of specific family. They have not given emphasis tribal value, but religious value and democratic participation in decision making process.<BR>  After Iraq nation-state building, especially in the Saddam regime era, al-Sadr family and al-Hakim family have been the leader"s families in political Shi"ism. So I think that there is some relation between religious elite and tribe. But these Shi"a religious elites didn"t emphasize tribal value. I think, therefore, that there is Iraqi Shi"a religious elite family or tribe, but there is no meaning relation between religious elite and tribalism.