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몽골의 침략과 고려 무인정권 및 삼별초의 ‘島嶼海洋戰略’
姜鳳龍(Bong-yong Kang) 동양사학회 2011 東洋史學硏究 Vol.115 No.-
Facing invasion by the Mongol Empire in 1231, Goryeo immediately relocated its capital from Gaegyeong to Ganghwa Island and moved its people there for safety (called “ip-bo”, 入保). Goryeo’s move to Ganghwa Island exploited the Mongols weakness: attacking over water. As the relocation mainly aimed to secure the sea route by using the island as a strategic foothold with which repel the Mongols, the strategy can be called the “Island-Marine Military Strategy”. The initial Mongolian military strategy had ravaged parts of the Korean peninsula. The second military operation, launched in1250s, focused on attacking the coastal areas and islands of Goryeo to little effect. Thus, the Mongolians intensified the pressure on Goryeo by alternating between armed incursions and peace talks. The Goryeo scholars who had insisted on peace with Mongolia gained greater influence, and Goryeo struck peace with the Mongo Empire in 1270, whereby the capital was moved back to Gaegyeong. However, some military officials, in what was known as the “Sambyeolcho” (a special capital defense unit), refused to surrender and relocated to certain islands (Jin Island and Jeju Island) off the southern shore of the Korean peninsula. They brought the nearby islands and coastal regions under their control and continued to resist the Mongolians for another three years by re-launching the “Island-Marine Military Strategy.” The end to their resistance came with the capture of Jeju Island in 1273 by the Mongolians. However, the Sambyeolcho forces and their sympathizers had not been completely annihilated. Some of the Sambyeolcho forces escaped from Jeju Island and reached Okinawa, while local forces stationed around other islands and coastal regions remained a considerable threat to the Mongolians and Goryeo. In response, the Mongols and Goryeo took the drastic action of ordering “Gongdo”(moving people off the islands) in order to drive out the remaining forces of the rebellion from the islands and coastal regions. In conclusion, the Mongol invasion of Goryeo in the 13th century, which had served as the foundation for their war against East Asia to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty and Japan, led to “Gongdo” following an almost 40 year-long struggle. In retrospect, this move appears to have been a prelude to the imminent “Haegeum” (ban on maritime activities) and the other examples of “Gongdo” seen in East Asia in the 14th century.
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강봉룡(Kang, Bong-yong) 역사학회 2016 역사학보 Vol.0 No.232
Although, until the Three Kingdoms Period, mainly the coastal sea roads had been relied on, ever since the Unified Silla(新羅), the sea roads that cross or divide the Yellow Sea had been newly pioneered. With the sea roads getting diversified and expanded, the civilization interchanges in East Asia had been developing innovatively. Such a trend had continued until the Koryo(高麗) Dynasty. However, entering into the 13<SUP>th</SUP> century, while being invaded by the Mongol Empire, a new situation was entered into. The mighty sea power of Koryo fell. And the island and coastal regions continued to be desolated. At the end of the Koryo Dynasty, although the discussions about reconstructing the island and coastal regions took place, the newly-born Joseon(朝鮮) could not accept this. For Joseon, there was no choice but to follow up the measures of the sea prohibition and the empty islands of Ming(明). From the latter half of the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, the islands changed from a space in which one cannot live to a space in which one can live. But the sea prohibition became even more strengthened. Such a situation had continued until concluding the terms between Josun and Japan in 1876.
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