MANAGERIAL CAREER ORIENTATIONS: THE CASE OF EXPATRIATE EXECUTIVES IN JAPAN

O'Brien, Peter W.,Wallace Alan Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1999 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.2 No.-

This exploratory study investigated the career orientations of a sample of male and female expatriate executives working in Japan. Specifically, the study investigated their career anchors and internal career success orientations. Previous research on managerial career anchors and internal career success maps has used either monocultural samples of managers working in their home environment or multicultural samples of managers investigated in an educational setting. Such research has often had so few female participants that they were discounted in the findings. A strength of this research was its use of a sample of male and female executives working in a foreign environment. The career anchors profile of this sample differed from profiles reported I previous research. The most preferred career anchors among the expatriate executives were managerial competence and lifestyle, but respondents placed a higher importance on autonomy and independence, service and dedication and pure challenge than previously reported in monocultural domestic samples. The most preferred internal career success orientation was getting balanced, rather than the getting ahead orientation previously reported. Some statistically significant differences were found according to gender, national origin and age. The data support the view that within any given occupation or career there are very different groups of people with different goals, lifestyles, values and talents. Understanding the internal careers of expatriate executives may assist in selecting successful candidates for international assignments.

DIFFERENCES IN ENTREPRENEURIAL BUSINESS VENTURES: A NEW CATEGORIZATION SCHEME AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

Kropp, Fredric,Lindsay, Noel J. Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1999 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.2 No.-

This research develops a new typology of entrepreneurial business ventures (EBVs) and examines the way that different EBV types assume different marketing orientations. Unlike other typologies that focus on the entrepreneur, this typology focuses on the capabilities, resources, and entrepreneurial orientation/experience of the entrepreneurial business venture. Five EBV categories are identified: Lone Wolves (ventures stared by a sole entrepreneur), Geese (developed by several budding entrepreneurs), Elk (spin-off ventures), Bears(where powerful, successful entrepreneurs join forces), and Walrus (in- house corporate entrepreneurial ventures).

Born International:Exporting From Day One as an Alternative to Traditional Internationalization

Shoham, Aviv,Kahle, Lynn R.,Rose, Gregory M. Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1998 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.1 No.-

Cavusgil (1994) observed that a new breed of international firms has emerged. They differ from other firms in business orientation. They are born international and do not follow the traditional internationalization process. Rennie's study (1993) sampled such firms (in Australia) and provided descriptive characteristics of "Born International Firms" (BIF). This study provides information about such firms in Israel. Best viewed as an exploratory study, it replicates Rennie's findings and provides preliminary support to the generalizability of his findings. By providing descriptive information on additional constructs, this study also extends Rennie's study. We find a number of differences for firms that follow the two business orientations in marketing variables and in performance. In the introduction, we noted that Cavusgil (1994, 1995) observed that a new type of international firms has emerged. They differ from other firms by being BIF. Thus, they do not follow the traditional internationalization process model. Previously, Rennie (1993) studied such firms in Australia. He provided descriptive characteristics of BIF. While Rennie (1993) provided a necessary first step in the study of such firms, there is a need for additional studies about this new phenomenon. Our study provides additional information about BIF in an Asian country, Israel. As noted, our study served two main purposes. First, it explores some of Rennie's findings (1993) in Israel. We provide preliminary support to the generalizability of some of Rennie's findings. Similar to his findings, we find that the phenomenon is widespread and not typical to Australian exporters only. We also find that Israeli BFI, like their Australian counterparts, outperform frims that follow the traditional internationalization process. However, contrary to Rennie (1993), Israeli BFI tend to emphasize high quality (as in Australia), but couple this increased quality with higher prices. While being exploratory in nature, the differences observed on pricing strategy in this study have important preliminary managerial implications. Given that increased quality was coupled with high prices in Israel, aspiring entrepreneurs have two strategic options. They can either use low prices, especially during market penetration. Alternatively, they can pursue a premium strategy, charging higher prices for the enhanced quality of their products. Additionally, our study provided data on constructs that were not addressed by Rennie (1993). Thus, the study extended Rennie's findings (1993) beyond the differences observed in Australia. Obviously, as noted in the "Limitations" and "Discussion" sections, much work still remains. This phenomenon is extremely important as evidenced by the fact that 25 percent of the firms in our sample identified themselves as BIF. The route to internationalization differs for BIF and further research is called for to enhance our understanding of such firms.

Conceptualising the Study of Labour Management in the Korean Chaebol

Kwon, Seung-ho Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1998 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.1 No.-

Since the late 1980s, the role of management within the chaebol, the family controlled conglomerates in Korea, has been one of the emerging research issues in the study of Korean industrial relations. Labour process and strategy-structure theories raised in the western industrial relations and management literature has been frequently applied to Korean cases. Both theories have their own strengths and weaknesses, especially when applied to the Korean context. The limited applicability of theories of management derived from different socio-political and cultural settings is explored in the paper, Hence, the paper argues that relying on one dominant approach is too restrictive to explain the historical development of the labour-managements strategies of the chaebol. It is argued that an integrated approach that incorporates the strengths of both neo -Marx and pluralist theories of management is more useful in the Korean context. This integrated approach enables researchers to explain different management strategies of labour control in conjunction with different stages of capitalist development of the chaebol in Korea. It also provides a theoretical tool for analysing the complicated nature of the business and managerial activities of the chaebol in relation to their labour-management strategies.

Internet Electronic Mail: a Viable Research Tool?

Case, Carl J.,Matz, Lizabeth A. Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1998 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.1 No.-

The purpose of this research is to examine the utility of the Internet as a method for conducting surveys. The study compared effectiveness of Internet-delivered survey versus postal-delivered instruments. The methodology involved using a survey to solicit information technology usage data. Results suggest that although response rates for Internet subjects was approximately one-half the rate for postal-delivered subjects, responses were nearly identical. However, Internet responses were obtained in a significantly shorter period of time. Overall, the study demonstrates that the Internet provides a communication vehicle which can save time and expense in obtaining research data and potentially require fewer subjects.

Organizational Culture, Power, Structure, and Effectiveness of Korean Corporations

Choe, Man Kee Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1998 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.1 No.-

In recent years, organization scholars have paid much attention to organizational culture and power. Yet, very few studies have investigated how culture and power relate to structure and effectiveness in organizations. In addition, studies of organizational design tend to have theoretical and methodological deficiencies. This study, based on the configurational theory, investigated empirical relationships among types of organizational culture, power, structure, and organizational effectiveness. Four insightful findings have emerged from the analysis of 4,726 employees in 199 Korean corporations: Firstly, dominant organizational configurations tend to appear. Secondly, an organization's cultural types and political types tend to be important determinants of the structural types if organizations. Thirdly, organizations with ideal configurations fitting the types of organizational culture, power, and structure tend to be more effective than those with unideal ones. Finally, the del technique seems to be a useful tool for analyzing configurational data. Discussions for further research and practical applications about organizational design are made.

SHIFTING MODES OF GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING: EFFECTS OF CULTURAL DISTANCE AND TRANSACTION COSTS

Erdener, Carolyn,Chan, Peng Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1999 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.2 No.-

We propose that international franchising is characterized by a shift in governance mode, from indirect to direct franchising arrangements. The model is based on the analysis of cultural distance and transaction costs. It is illustrated with examples from the experience of Kentucky Fried Chicken(KFC) in China (Bugg, 1994; Caplan, 1988; EUI, 1994; Linn, 1994).

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INDONESIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR

Tarumun, Suardi,Suh, Chung-Sok Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1999 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.2 No.-

Although it is widely believed that FDI has played a catalytic role in trade and the overall economic growth in Indonesia, particularly for the last decade, there has been no research that has investigated the relationship between FDI and trande in Indonesia. This paper aims to fill part of this gap by investigation the role of FDI on Indonesian manufacturing trade. For this purpose, theoretical arguments related to Trade and FDI are surveyed and an econometric model is established using an error correction modelling technique. The findings of this paper confirm the proposition that FDI and trade are complements, with the exception of Human capital intensive industry.

CROSS CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES OF PRICING STRATEGY: ARESEARCH AGENDA

Saffu, Kojo,Mamman, Aminu,Baydoun, Nabil Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1999 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.2 No.-

Although there have been numerous studies in pricing in the marketiong literature very little has been done on the impact of culture on pricing. This paper explores this relatively understudied area in pricing strategy. More specifically, the paper explores the extent to which differences in pricing systems across countries - the USA and Japan, in particular - may be explained by differences in characteristics, four propositions are developed. Suggestions for researching the resulting cultural values - pricing characteristics matrix are offered.

A Validity Test on the Self-Monitoring Scales of Snyder and of Lennox and Wolfe

Cho, Bongjin,Joung, Kyungae,Koo, Jayeoul Research Institute for Business and Entrepreneursh 1998 ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Vol.1 No.-

This study tested the validity and reliability of the three self-monitoring scales of Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS), Snyder and Gangestad's (1986) Abbreviated Self-Monitoring Scale (ASMS) and the Attention to social Comparison Information Scale (ATSCIS) of Lennox and Wolfe (1984), to find that the ATSCIS has validity and reliability.