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Monetary Integration Effects on Foreign Direct Investments in New EU Member States
Ismar Velić,g or C večić 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2024 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.39 No.1
This study examines the impact of accession to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the 11 New Member States (NMS), during the period 2005-2018. Using panel regression analysis and the gravity model, the influence of macroeconomic indicators on FDI outflows from 21 industrialised countries (including EU and non-European counties, such as Japan and USA) to the NMS is assessed. The empirical results suggest that favourable macroeconomic indicators in the NMS, such as a stable exchange rate, lower inflation, long-term interest rates and EU/EMU membership, are positively correlated with FDI inflows from NMS. Conversely, rising inflation and exchange rate volatility in the NMS are negatively associated with FDI inflows, while inflation in the FDI origin countries is positively correlated with investment in the NMS. The results suggest that joining the EMU has a statistically significant and positive relationship on FDI inflows to the NMS.
Multiple functional self-association interfaces in plant TIR domains
Zhang, Xiaoxiao,Bernoux, Maud,Bentham, Adam R.,Newman, Toby E.,Ve, Thomas,Casey, Lachlan W.,Raaymakers, Tom M.,Hu, Jian,Croll, Tristan I.,Schreiber, Karl J.,Staskawicz, Brian J.,Anderson, Peter A.,Soh National Academy of Sciences 2017 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.114 No.10
<P>The self-association of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domains has been implicated in signaling in plant and animal immunity receptors. Structure-based studies identified different TIR-domain dimerization interfaces required for signaling of the plant nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) L6 from flax and disease resistance protein RPS4 from Arabidopsis. Here we show that the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (SNC1) contains both an L6-like interface involving helices alpha D and alpha E (DE interface) and an RPS4-like interface involving helices alpha A and alpha E (AE interface). Mutations in either the AE- or DE-interface region disrupt cell-death signaling activity of SNC1, L6, and RPS4 TIR domains and full-length L6 and RPS4. Self-association of L6 and RPS4 TIR domains is affected by mutations in either region, whereas only AE-interface mutations affect SNC1 TIR-domain self-association. We further show two similar interfaces in the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR recognition of Peronospora parasitica 1 (RPP1). These data demonstrate that both the AE and DE self-association interfaces are simultaneously required for self-association and cell-death signaling in diverse plant NLRs.</P>