http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Yamada, Atsushi,Takami, Masamichi,Kawawa, Tadaharu,Yasuhara, Rika,Zhao, Baohong,Mochizuki, Ayako,Miyamoto, Yoichi,Eto, Tomoo,Yasuda, Hisataka,Nakamichi, Yuko,Kim, Nacksung,Katagiri, Takenobu,Suda, Tat Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 Immunology Vol.120 No.4
<P>Summary</P><P>Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are closely related cytokines known to inhibit osteoclast formation by targeting osteoblasts to produce an inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), as well as by directly targeting osteoclast precursors. However, whether their inhibitory actions are the same remains unclear. The inhibitory effect of IL-4 was stronger than that of IL-13 in an osteoclast-differentiation culture system containing mouse osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors. Both cytokines induced OPG production by osteoblasts in similar time- and dose-dependent manners. However, IL-4 was stronger in direct inhibition that targeted osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, IL-4 induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6) at lower concentrations than those of IL-13 in osteoclast precursors. IL-4 but not IL-13 strongly inhibited the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (nuclear factor-ATc1), a key factor of osteoclast differentiation, by those precursors. Thus, the activities of IL-4 and IL-13 toward osteoclast precursors were shown to be different in regards to inhibition of osteoclast differentiation, whereas those toward osteoblasts for inducing OPG expression were equivalent.</P>
Yuko Shimada,Kenta Takahashi,Satoshi Yamada 한국강구조학회 2022 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.22 No.6
The shaking table test, which is generally conducted using reduced-scale frames to investigate the collapse behavior of structures during underground motion, is an eff ective method in the seismic engineering fi eld. However, unlike the shaking table test with full-scale frames, those with reduced-scale frames possess several problems owing to the scaling eff ect. This paper proposes a novel experimental method for performing the shaking table test with reduced-scale frames to overcome these problems; this method is known as the “inverted shaking table.” Through a series of experiments using this method and two earthquake records as inputs without modifying the time axis, the elastoplastic behaviors of reduced-scale steel frames are obtained up to their collapse owing to the P-Δ eff ect. Additionally, the changes in the collapse process are studied by changing the vertical load on the test specimens. The test results obtained in this study are validated using the response analysis of a single degree-of-freedom system, which reveals that the hysteresis and acceleration multiplier of the input wave obtained using the response analysis and test for each specimen are approximately the same. This indicates that the proposed method is eff ective for reproducing the frame behavior up to collapse for specimens with portable components and using general experimental apparatus.
Satoshi Yamada,Yuko Shimada,Takanori Ishida,Yuka Matsumoto,Jun Iyama,Hiroumi Shimokawa,Hiroshi Ito,Satoshi Aoyagi 한국강구조학회 2020 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.20 No.5
Submerged arc welding, which is generally used for the corner joint of box-section columns, is a welding process with a high heat input. The influence on the strength and toughness of the heat-affected zone is an important concern, especially when used with a high-performance steel that may be more susceptible to heat input. The ductility of the welded corner joint is one of the important factors to ensure safety against external forces, such as during severe earthquakes. In this study, a series of material and cyclic loading tests of the corner joint comprising SA440C high-performance steel fabricated by submerged arc welding were conducted. The experimental results indicated that the welded corner joint comprising SA440C steel is ductile enough to dissipate input energy caused by the strong ground motion from an earthquake.
The Effects of Speaking Activities on Brain Blood Flow: An NIRS Study
Junko Negishi,Hiroyuki Kanzaki,Yuko Yamada,Masumi Murakami,Erika Ozawa,Yoshiyuki Nakamura 범태평양 응용언어학회 2020 Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Ling Vol.24 No.1
This study explored appropriate speaking activities for speakers of different proficiency levels by measuring the changes in their brain blood flow with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Fifty adult speakers and learners of English of various proficiency levels participated in the study by undertaking four types of task: a single-speaker picture description, interview, and two paired interaction activities on an easy and a difficult topic. By objectively analyzing the collected data, the authors revealed which speaking activity facilitated brain activity, which speaking activity was suitable for which level of learner, and from which area of the brain it was possible to obtain activation data. In short, advanced language learners need to tackle more difficult tasks, while easy, patterned tasks such as the picture description and interview are more appropriate for elementary level learners. As for intermediate learners, their language learning is likely to be promoted through most of the activity types, except for the interactions on difficult topics, which were shown to decrease their brain blood flow.