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A Case Study on the Remediation of Embedded Piping of Trojan Decommissioning NPP
Jihwan Yu,Hyung-woo Seo,Gi-lim Kim,Hyein Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.2
Trojan Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), a four-loop PWR designed by Westinghouse and owned by Portland General Electric (PGE), reached its initial threshold in 1975 and was operational until November 1992. PGE received a Possession Only License from the NRC in May 1993. In 1995, limited decommissioning activities began at the Trojan, including the completion of a large components removal project to remove and dispose of four steam generators and pressurizers from the containment building. In April 1996, the NRC approved a plan to dismantling the Trojan NPP and began more aggressive component removal activities. At the end of 1998, part of the radioactive drainage system began to be removed, and embedded piping decontamination and survey activities began. Trojan NPP has more than 8,840 m of contaminated pipelines throughout the power block. Most of Trojan NPP’s contaminated embedded piping can generally be divided into four categories drainage piping, ventilation ducts, buried process piping, and other items. For the Trojan NPP, the complete removal of contaminated and embedded piping without damaging the building would have significantly increased costs due to the structural considerations of the building and the depth of the embedded pipe. Therefore, Trojan NPP has chosen to conduct the Embedded Pipe Remediation Project (EPRP) to clean and in situ survey of most of the embedded piping to meet the Final Site Survey (FSS) acceptance criteria, with much success. This study provides a discussion of EPRP activities in the Trojan NPP, including classification and characterization of affected piping, modeling of proposed contamination acceptance criteria, and evaluation of various decontamination and survey techniques. It describes the decontamination tools, techniques, and survey equipment and the condition of work and cost estimate costs used in these projects. To identify embedded piping and drains at the Trojan NPP, based on frequent site surveys, plan sketches showing an overview of system flow paths and connections and database were developed to identify drain inputs and headers. This approach effort has been a successful method of remediation and site survey activities. The developed database was a valuable asset to the EPRP and a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) code was assigned to each drains and headers, allowing the embedded piping to be integrated into the decommissioning cost estimation software (Decon. Expert) and schedule, which aided in decommissioning cost estimation. Also, regular database updates made it easy to check the status of the decommissioning project data. The waste system drain at Trojan NPP was heavily contaminated. The goal of the remediation effort is to completely remove all removable contamination and to reduce the fixed contamination below the decided contamination acceptance criteria. Accordingly, Hydrolysis, Media blast, Chemical decontamination and Pipe removal were considered as remediation option. Trojan NPP’s drainage pipe decontamination option did not cause a significant corrosion layer inside the pipe and media blast was chosen as the main method for stainless steel pipe. In particular, the decommissioning owner decontaminates most of the embedded piping in-situ to meet the FSS acceptance criteria for economic feasibility in Trojan NPP. The remaining pipe was filled with grout to prevent leaching and spreading of contamination inside the pipe. In-situ decontamination and survey of most of these contaminated pipes are considered the most cost-effective option.
Performance Evaluation of the DxC 700 AU Chemistry Analyzer in Hemoglobin A1c Measurement
Choi Yu Jeong,Kang Hyein,Cho Chan-Ik,Rim John Hoon,Lee Sang-Guk,Lim Jong-Baeck 대한진단검사의학회 2023 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.43 No.2
Background: Accurate measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is crucial for a diabetes diagnosis and subsequent patient management. The detection method and presence of variant Hb can interfere with HbA1c measurements. We evaluated the HbA1c-measuring performance of the DxC 700 AU (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) immunoassay-based device in comparison with another immunoassay device and the reference method. Methods: A total of 120 normal and 14 variant Hb samples were analyzed using the Cobas c 513 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) and DxC 700 AU analyzers. Variant Hb samples were also analyzed using the reference method, along with 20 normal samples. The accuracy, precision, linearity, and carryover were determined. Results: DxC 700 AU results strongly correlated with those of Cobas c 513 and exhibited accuracy in comparison with the reference method. The within-run, between-run, between-day, and total imprecision (%CV) values for the low- and high-concentration control materials were below 2%. The results of DxC 700 AU were linear over a wide HbA1c range (3.39%–18.30%). Although DxC 700 AU performed well in the presence of variant Hb, the HbA1c concentration was underestimated in the presence of fetal Hb. The possibility of interference from a high HbH proportion could not be ruled out. Conclusions: The overall analytical performance of DxC 700 AU was acceptable. The device is accurate, precise, and linear over a wide HbA1c concentration range. Although DxC 700 AU results highly correlated with those of Cobas c 513, caution should be exercised in cases of high HbF and HbH concentrations.
현대 소비자의 소비생활 결핍에 대한 질적 연구: 다차원 빈곤의 개념과 하위차원을 중심으로
이유림 ( Lee Yu Lim ),황혜선 ( Hwang Hyesun ),이욱 ( Li Xu ),최휘 ( Choi Hwee ),박찬희 ( Park Chanhee ),장혜인 ( Chang Hyein ),김지범 ( Kim Jibum ),박태영 ( Pak Tae-young ) 한국소비자학회 2024 소비자학연구 Vol.35 No.3
본 연구는 현대 소비자들이 경험하고 있는 결핍의 양상을 살펴봄으로써 사회환경의 변화를 반영한 폭넓은 생활영역의 결핍 가능성을 탐색하여 최근 사회환경의 변화를 보다 타당하게 반영한 다차원 빈곤의 지표를 설정하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 29명의 20~60대의 국내 소비자를 대상으로 표적집단면접조사를 실시하였으며, 다차원 빈곤에 대한 인식과 그 하위차원을 분석하기 위해 nVivo를 통해 녹취록을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 현재 국내 소비자는 빈곤을 상대적 관점에서 바라보고 있었으며 8개의 다차원 빈곤의 하위차원이 도출되었다. 이 가운데서 ‘디지털 사회의 상대적 박탈’은 선행연구에서는 드러나지 않았던 차원이었으며, ‘건강’ 차원의 경우 기존 다차원 빈곤 연구와 비교하여 확장된 형태로 나타났다. 구체적으로, 신체 건강에 더해 정서적 불안, 부정적 자기개념, 심리적 안녕감 결핍 등 주변을 통제할 수 없거나 타인과 자신을 비교함으로써 나타난 정신 불건강 문제가 두드러졌다. 이외에 ‘소득’, ‘주거’, ‘교육’, ‘사회적 관계’, ‘여가 생활’, ‘신체 안전’은 기존 연구와 본 연구에서도 유사하게 나타나 이들이 다차원 빈곤의 근본을 구성하는 틀임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 현대 소비자의 상대적 결핍을 다각적으로 접근함으로써 취약 소비자 계층을 정의하고 우리 사회의 다차원적 빈곤 해결을 위한 정책 수립의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential dimensions of multidimensional poverty reflecting changes in social environments by examining deficiencies experienced by contemporary consumers. To do this, focus group interviews were conducted with 29 consumers aged 20 to 60 in South Korea. The analysis of transcripts using nVivo was employed to understand perceptions of multidimensional poverty and to dissect its subdimensions. The results indicated that Korean consumers perceive poverty from a relative perspectives, revealing eight subdimensions of multidimensional poverty. Among them, ‘relative deprivation in the digital society’ emerged as dimension not identified in previous research. The ‘health’ manifested in an expanded form in this study. Specifically, mental health issues, such as emotional anxiety, negative self-concept, and low psychological well-being, stemmed from uncontrollable external conditions and comparisons with others. In addition, ‘income,’ ‘housing,’ ‘education,’ ‘social relationships,’ ‘leisure activities,’ and ‘physical safety’ appeared consistently across both previous and current studies, implying their foundational role in constituting the framework of multidimensional poverty. By comprehensive understanding the relative deficiencies of current society, this study contributes to defining vulnerable consumers and serve as foundational data for policymaking aimed at addressing the multidimensional poverty.