Development of a Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire Based on Dietary Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Younjhin Ahn,Ji Eun Lee,Hee Young Paik,Hong Kyu Lee,Inho Jo,Kuchan Kimm 한국영양학회 2003 Nutritional Sciences Vol.6 No.3

Average Dietary Energy Intake does not Increase as BMI Increased in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data of Korea

Ahn, Younjhin,Paik, Hee-Young,Lee, Hong-Kyu The Korean Home Economics Association 2003 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.4 No.2

Although the idea that obese people consume higher calorie diets is widely accepted, many dietary surveys have shown that obese people do NOT consume larger amounts of energy. We had an opportunity to study the relationship between calorie intake and obesity in Korea from the data contained in the '98 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of Korea. The survey was executed nationwide for two months - from Nov. 1 to Dec.30 in 1998. The survey included 10,876 (aged >10 years) subjects of whom 9,771 underwent health examinations. Surveyors visited each household and checked health status, measured anthropometry and blood pressures, collected blood and urine samples, and interviewed from the health questionnaires. Well-trained dietitians evaluated the food consumption of 11,525 subjects over the age of 1 year with the 24-hour recall method. The number of subjects from whom a complete health examination and food consumption information was obtained was 8,004. Subjects were classified by BMI (< 20, 20-22, 22-24, 24-26, 26-28, 28 $\leq$) and into newly diagnosed patients with DM (FBS $\geq$ 126 mg/㎗), hypertension (SBP $\geq$ 140 mmHg or DBP $\geq$ 90 mmHg) and hyperlipidemia (Total cholesterol $\geq$ 220 mg/㎗ or TG $\geq$ 200 mg/㎗). Our main results were as following:1) their average energy intake was 2,029.6 $\pm$ 908.5 ㎉ and BMI is 22.6 $\pm$ 3.4 kg/$m^2$;2) a comparison of nutrient intakes by BMI level did not show a significant difference of energy intake even though BMI increased (BMI, < 20: 1,999 ㎉ ∼ 28 $\leq$: 2,028 ㎉);and 3) Even in newly diagnosed patients with diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, their energy consumption was not significantly increased as BMI increased (from BMI 20). There are several possible explanations for these results:1) Reduced physical activity caused the weight of obese people to increase even with the same energy intake;2) people underreported their energy consumption;or, people intentionally reduced their energy consumption due to self-image regarding their obesity. We might also hypothesize that there is a metabolic problem conceiving obese people, because calorie intake was not higher in obese people than in non-obese people in Korea. Further research is necessary for re-evaluating these current conclusions.

40대 이상 농촌 및 중소도시 성인의 식품섭취 패턴 (Pattern)과 질환별 유병위험도 : 한국인유전체역학조사사업 일부 대상자에 대해

안윤진(Ahn Younjhin),박윤주(Park Yun-Ju),박선주(Park Seon-Joo),민해숙(Min Haesook),곽혜경(Kwak Hye-Kyoung),오경수(Oh Kyung-Soo),박찬(Park Chan) 韓國營養學會 2007 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.40 No.3

Recently, dietary pattern analysis was emerged as an approach to examine the relationships between diet and risk of chronic diseases. This study was to identify groups with population who report similar dietary pattern in Korean genome epidemiology study (KoGES) and association with several chronic diseases. The cohort participants living in Ansung and Ansan (Gyeonggi province) were totally 10,038. Among those, 6,873 subjects with no missing values in food frequency questionnaire were included in this analysis. After combining 103 food items into 17 food groups, 4 dietary factors were obtained by factor analysis based on their weights. Factor 1 showed high factor loadings in vegetables, mushrooms, meats, fish, beverages, and oriental-cereals. Factor 2 had high factor loadings in vegetables, fruits, fish, and factor 3 had high factor loadings in cereal-oriental, cerial-western and snacks. Factor 4 showed positive high factor loadings in rice and Kimchi and negative factor loadings in mushrooms and milk and dairy products. Using factor scores of four factors, subjects were classified into 3 clusters by K-means clustering. We named those 'Rice and Kimchi eating' group, 'Contented eating' group, and 'Healthy and light eating' group depending on their eating characteristics. 'Rice and Kimchi eating' group showed high prevalence in men, farmers and 60s. 'Contented eating' group and 'Healthy and light eating' group had high prevalence in women, people living in urban area (Ansan Citizen), with high-school education and above, and a monthly income of one million won and more. 'Contented eating' group appeared lower distribution proportion in the sixties and 'Healthy and light eating' group does higher in the fifties. 'Contented eating' versus 'Rice and Kimchi eating', odds ratio for hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity significantly decreased after adjusting age and sex (OR = 0.64, 0.73, and 0.85 respectively, 95% CI). Although our results were from a cross-sectional study, these imply that the dietary patterns were related to diseases. (Korean J Nutr 2007; 40(3): 259~269)

한국 중년 남성을 대상으로 한 식품 섭취빈도 조사에서 나타난 식품 섭취빈도의 상관성 분석

안윤진(Ahn Younjhin),백희영(Paik Hee Young),안윤옥(Ahn Yoon Ok) 韓國營養學會 2000 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.33 No.2

The Korea Nurses' Health Study: A Prospective Cohort Study

Kim, Oksoo,Ahn, Younjhin,Lee, Hea-Young,Jang, Hee Jung,Kim, Sue,Lee, Jung Eun,Jung, Heeja,Cho, Eunyoung,Lim, Joong-Yeon,Kim, Min-Ju,Willett, Walter C.,Chavarro, Jorge E.,Park, Hyun-Young Mary Ann Liebert 2017 Journal of women's health Vol.26 No.8

Prevalence and severity of menopause symptoms and associated factors across menopause status in Korean women

Yim, Gyeyoon,Ahn, Younjhin,Chang, Yoosoo,Ryu, Seungho,Lim, Joong-Yeon,Kang, Danbee,Choi, Eun-Kyung,Ahn, Jiin,Choi, Yuni,Cho, Juhee,Park, Hyun-Young by The North American Menopause Society. 2015 Menopause Vol.22 No.10

OBJECTIVE:: The present study investigated the prevalence and severity of menopause symptoms experienced by Korean women aged 44 to 56 years and their associated factors. METHODS:: A cross-sectional study was performed on 2,201 women aged 44 to 56 years in health checkup centers between November 2012 and March 2013. The 29-item Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to assess vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual symptoms related to menopause. The guidelines for the classification of reproductive aging stages proposed at the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop were used. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with severity of menopause symptoms. RESULTS:: Among participants, 42.6% were premenopausal, 36.7% were perimenopausal, and 20.7% were postmenopausal. Although physical symptoms were the most severe menopause symptoms experienced by premenopausal and perimenopausal women, postmenopausal women reported sexual symptoms as the most bothersome. The mean scores for each domain increased from the premenopausal period through the postmenopausal period (P for trend < 0.001). The regression model revealed that age (for vasomotor and sexual symptoms) and obesity (for vasomotor and physical symptoms) were significantly associated with severity of menopause symptoms (P < 0.05). Physically active women had fewer severe physical symptoms related to menopause than inactive women. CONCLUSIONS:: Postmenopausal women experience the most severe symptoms. Obesity and physical activity are the main modifiable factors associated with symptom severity. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of physical activity promotion and weight control interventions on preventing menopause symptoms in Korean women.

열량 및 열량영양소 섭취량과 관련된 유전자 변이에 대한 전장유전체 연관성 분석연구

백인경(Baik Inkyung),안윤진(Ahn Younjhin),이승구(Lee Seung Ku),김소리울(Kim Soriwul),한복기(Han Bok-Ghee),신철(Shin Chol) 韓國營養學會 2010 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.43 No.4

There has been no genome-wide association study (GWAS) for macronutrient intake as a quantitative trait. To explore genetic loci associated with total calorie and macronutrient intake, genome-wide association data of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from Korean adults were analyzed. We conducted a GWAS in 3,690 men and women aged 40 to 60 years from an urban population-based cohort. At the baseline examination (June 18, 2001 through January 29, 2003), DNA samples of the study subjects were collected and analyzed for genotyping. The information of average daily consumption of total calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and fat was obtained from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and transformed by natural logarithm for analyses after adjustment of calorie intake. Using multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and height, we tested for 352,021 SNPs and found weak associations, which do not reach genome-wide association significance, with calorie and macronutrient intake. However, a number of SNPs were found to have potential associations with macronutrient intake; in particular, signals in SORBS1 and those in PRKCB1 were likely associated with carbohydrate and fat intake, respectively. We observed an inverse association between the minor allele of the SNPs in these genes and the amount of consumption of carbohydrate or fat. Our GWAS identified loci and minor alleles weakly associated with macronutrient intake. Because SORBS1 and PRKCB1 are reportedly associated with the metabolism of glucose and lipid as well as with obesity-related diseases, further investigations on biological and functional roles of polymorphism of these genes in the relation to macronutrient intake are warranted.

식이조사 일수에 따른 식사 다양성과 영양소 섭취 수준과의 관계연구

이지은(Lee Ji Eun),안윤진(Ahn Younjhin),김규찬(Kimm Kuchan),박찬(Park Chan) 韓國營養學會 2004 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.37 No.10

Habitual coffee intake, genetic polymorphisms, and type 2 diabetes

Lee, Jae Kyung,Kim, Kyunga,Ahn, Younjhin,Yang, Mihi,Lee, Jung Eun European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2015 European journal of endocrinology Vol.172 No.5

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>The association between coffee intake and type 2 diabetes may be modulated by common genetic variation.</P><P><B>Objective</B></P><P>The purpose of this study was to examine the association between habitual coffee intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes and to determine whether this association varied by genetic polymorphisms related to type 2 diabetes in Korean adults.</P><P><B>Design and methods</B></P><P>A population-based cohort study over a follow-up of 4 years was conducted. A total of 4077 Korean men and women aged 40–69 years with a normal glucose level at baseline were included. Coffee intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and incident type 2 diabetes or prediabetes was defined by oral glucose tolerance test or fasting blood glucose test. The genomic DNA samples were genotyped with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 5.0, and nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to type 2 diabetes in East Asian populations were extracted.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>A total of 120 cases of type 2 diabetes and 1128 cases of prediabetes were identified. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, we observed an inverse association, but without any clear linear trend, between coffee intake and the combined risk of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. We found that inverse associations between habitual coffee intake and the combined risk of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes were limited to those with the T-allele (GT/TT) of rs4402960 in <I>IGF2BP2</I>, those with the G-allele (GG/GC) of rs7754840 in <I>CDKAL1</I>, or those with CC of rs5215 in <I>KCNJ11</I>.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>We found a lower risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined with coffee intake among individuals with the GT/TT of <I>IGF2BP2</I> rs4402960, GG/GC of <I>CDKAL1</I> rs7754840, or CC of <I>KCNJ11</I> rs5215, which are known to be related to type 2 diabetes in East Asians.</P>

In Korean Women, High Plasma Level of Enterolactone Reduces Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and This Effect is Enhanced in Equol-Producers

Kwang-Pil Ko,En-Joo Jung,Younjhin Ahn,Seon-Joo Park,Young-Khi Lim 건강기능식품미래포럼 2022 건강기능식품미래포럼 학술지 Vol.2 No.4

Diabetes, if left untreated, can cause many health complications. Type 2 diabetes is known to be primarily due to lifestyle and thus, efforts have been made to reduce its risk by diet particularly of vegetables containing various antioxidants. In the present study, this possibility was investigated by examining association between the plasma level of enterolactone, a metabolite of food lignans and the risk of type 2 diabetes and the association was compared between producers and non-producers of equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone. The study population was composed of 693 cases and 698 matched controls within the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study. Logistic regression models were used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Stratified analysis was done to examine the association between plasma enterolactone concentration and risk of type 2 diabetes, and then, this association was examined in terms of sex and status of equol producing ability. In female, compared with the reference level, a marginally significant risk reduction was found at the highest concentration of enterolactone (for the highest category: OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.46–1.01). In equol producers among women, the highest concentration of enterolactone significantly decreased the risk of type 2 diabetes (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34–0.96). In equol non-producers among women, however, the concentration of enterolactone was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. In male, enterolactone concentration was not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes regardless of equol producing status. In conclusion, high plasma concentrations of enterolactone were associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes particularly, in equol producing female.