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Whether to Choose Tariffs or Subsidies to Protect a Domestic Industry
Egli, Dominik,Westermann, Frank 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.1
The use of tariffs in the absence of subsidies in small countries is an empitical observation which stands in sharp contrast to the theoretical literature of trade policy. We analyzw the welfare effects of tariffs and subsidies in a homogeneous good duopoly game with cost asymmetries between the two firms, allowing for distortionary taxation. We find that for reasonable values of the distortion parameter or for a large cost disadvantage of the home firm, a tariff is the optimal policy tool.
Oikonomidis Stavros,Altenrath Lisa,Westermann Leonard,Bredow Jan,Eysel Peer,Scheyerer Max Joseph 대한척추외과학회 2021 Asian Spine Journal Vol.15 No.2
Study Design: This single-center retrospective study analyzed patients with an implant-associated infection of spinal instrumentation (four or more segments) treated between 2010 and 2018.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the treatment of implant-associated infections of long-segment spinal instrumentation and to define risk factors for implant removal.Overview of Literature: Implant-associated infection occurs in 0.7%–20% of spinal instrumentation. Significant blood loss, delayed reoperation, and use of effective antibiotics are reported risk factors for implant removal.Methods: Patients with superficial infections not involving the implant were excluded. All patients received surgical and antibiotic treatments according to our interdisciplinary osteomyelitis board protocol. An infection was considered healed if a patient showed no signs of infection 1 year after termination of treatment. The patients were divided into an implant retention group and implant removal group, and their clinical and microbiological data were compared.Results: Forty-six patients (27 women, 19 men) with an implant-associated infection of long-segment spinal instrumentation and mean age of 65.3±14.3 years (range, 22–89 years) were included. The mean length of the infected instrumentation was 6.5±2.4 segments (range, 4–13 segments). Implant retention was possible in 21 patients (45.7%); in the other 25 patients (54.3%), a part of or the entire implant required removal. Late infections were associated with implant removal, which correlated with longer hospitalization. Both groups showed high postoperative complication rates (50%) and high mortality rates (8.7%). In 39 patients (84.8%), infection was eradicated at a mean follow-up of 18.9±11.1 months (range, 12–60 months). Three patients (6.5%) were lost to follow-up.Conclusions: Implant-associated infections of long-segment spinal instrumentations are associated with high complication and mortality rates. Late infections are associated with implant removal. Treatment should be interdisciplinary including orthopedic surgeons and clinical infectiologists.
Whether to Choose Tariffs or Subsidies to Protect a Domestic Industry
( Dominik Egli ),( Frank Westermann ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2003 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.18 No.1
The use of tariffs in the absence of subsidies in small countries is an empirical observation which stands in sharp contrast to the theoretical literature of trade policy. We analyze the welfare effects of tariffs and subsidies in a homogeneous good duopoly game with cost asymmetries between the two firms, allowing for distortionary taxation. We find that for reasonable values of the distortion parameter or for a large cost disadvantage of the home firm, a tariff is the optimal policy tool.
B. Ruccius,T. Kraus,R. Westermann,T. Heckel,M. Marz,B. Wagner 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5
An approach to estimate the submodule capacitor voltages in a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is presented and realized in a hardware test setup. One disadvantage of the MMC topology is the high communication and measurement effort. As the submodule voltages are being estimated, the measurement effort as well as the communication effort between the submodules and the main controller hardware is significantly reduced. Thereby, the reliability of the system also increases. In the hardware test setup, it is verified that using a notch filter in the feedback path of the energy control loop significantly decreases unwanted AC components of the circulating currents within the MMC. Subsequently the current stress as well as the conduction and switching losses in the semiconductors can be minimized. Furthermore, the dynamic performance of the capacitor voltage estimation and control scheme was analyzed via hardware tests.
CAR links hypoxia signaling to improved survival after myocardial infarction
Freiberg Fabian,Thakkar Meghna,Hamann Wiebke,Jacobo Lopez Carballo,Jüttner Rene,Voss Felizia K.,Becher Peter M.,Westermann Dirk,Tschöpe Carsten,Heuser Arnd,Rocks Oliver,Robert Fischer,Gotthardt Michae 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates homo- and heterotopic interactions between neighboring cardiomyocytes at the intercalated disc. CAR is upregulated in the hypoxic areas surrounding myocardial infarction (MI). To elucidate whether CAR contributes to hypoxia signaling and MI pathology, we used a gain- and loss-of-function approach in transfected HEK293 cells, H9c2 cardiomyocytes and CAR knockout mice. CAR overexpression increased RhoA activity, HIF-1α expression and cell death in response to chemical and physical hypoxia. In vivo, we subjected cardiomyocyte-specific CAR knockout (KO) and wild-type mice (WT) to coronary artery ligation. Survival was drastically improved in KO mice with largely preserved cardiac function as determined by echocardiography. Histological analysis revealed a less fibrotic, more compact lesion. Thirty days after MI, there was no compensatory hypertrophy or reduced cardiac output in hearts from CAR KO mice, in contrast to control mice with increased heart weight and reduced ejection fraction as signs of the underlying pathology. Based on these findings, we suggest CAR as a therapeutic target for the improved future treatment or prevention of myocardial infarction.