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- 저자 : Tomoyasu Iiyama (검색결과 1 건)
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Tomoyasu Iiyama 한양대학교 수행인문학연구소 2010 수행인문학 Vol.40 No.1
This paper examines discourses in the Civil Service Examinations during the Song-Ming period in southern China that justified the superiority of southerners to their northern counterparts and how this influences modern scholarship. “Why do northerners always fall behind in the Civil Service Examinations?” was a question endlessly asked with an obvious sense of superiority in southern China throughout the Late Imperial period. The core of the response almost always came back to the “environment” of the north: harsh winters, dry soils, arid climate, unruly Yellow River, and poor vegetation. In the eyes of southerners, these were the key reasons that made northern people dull, idle, and non-academic. In this way, Gu Yanwu, a dignified figure in Chinese intellectual history during Ming-Qing period, pointed out in his famous essay on the examination system that “the north has two misfortunes, one is the environment, and the other is the lack of talent.” Southerners lacked an understanding of northern China, however. Recent scholarship has revealed that northerners were not successful in the examinations in the Ming and Qing because they had focused on the Jurchen and Mongol recruiting systems in the Jin and Yuan. At this time, the examinations system did not play an important role in their lives. As such, in the north, there had never been a tradition of literati who eagerly sacrificed their lives to the examinations, as did their southern compatriots. In other words, there was another “Chinese society” in the North. As the southerners gained a dominant position in Chinese scholarship of Late Imperial China, their views became the legitimate explanation of the north-south difference. Modern scholars, including foreign academics, and even the descendants of northern literati themselves, have accepted this view. Thus, until recently, northern China has been deemed insignificant in the field of Chinese intellectual and social history. In order to obtain a better understanding of Chinese history and its social and cultural diversity, we need to not only research the history of northern China, but also examine why and when discourses of the north were formed. Doing so will help us understand the imagination that fostered the regional characteristics of China, and how the notion of environment played a central role in the process.
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