Northern distribution limits and future suitable habitats of warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved tree species designated as climate-sensitive biological indicator species in South Korea

Shin Sookyung,Kim Jung-Hyun,Kang Duhee,Kim Jin-Seok,Kang Hong Gu,Jang Hyun-Do,Lee Jongsung,Han Jeong Eun,Oh Hyun Kyung 한국생태학회 2022 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.46 No.4

Background: Climate change significantly influences the geographical distribution of plant species worldwide. Selecting indicator species allows for better-informed and more effective ecosystem management in response to climate change. The Korean Peninsula is the northernmost distribution zone of warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved (WTEB) species in Northeast Asia. Considering the ecological value of these species, we evaluated the current distribution range and future suitable habitat for 13 WTEB tree species designated as climate-sensitive biological indicator species. Results: Up-to-date and accurate WTEB species distribution maps were constructed using herbarium specimens and citizen science data from the Korea Biodiversity Observation Network. Current northern limits for several species have shifted to higher latitudes compared to previous records. For example, the northern latitude limit for Stauntonia hexaphylla is higher (37° 02’ N, Deokjeokdo archipelago) than that reported previously (36° 13’ N). The minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) is the major factor influencing species distribution. Under future climate change scenarios, suitable habitats are predicted to expand toward higher latitudes inland and along the western coastal areas. Conclusions: Our results support the suitability of WTEB trees as significant biological indicators of species’ responses to warming. The findings also suggest the need for consistent monitoring of species distribution shifts. This study provides an important baseline dataset for future monitoring and management of indicator species’ responses to changing climate conditions in South Korea.

Elevational distribution ranges of vascular plant species in the Baekdudaegan mountain range, South Korea

Shin, Sookyung,Kim, Jung-Hyun,Dang, Ji-Hee,Seo, In-Soon,Lee, Byoung Yoon The Ecological Society of Korea 2021 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.45 No.1

The climate is changing rapidly, and this may pose a major threat to global biodiversity. One of the most distinctive consequences of climate change is the poleward and/or upward shift of species distribution ranges associated with increasing temperatures, resulting in a change of species composition and community structure in the forest ecosystems. The Baekdudaegan mountain range connects most forests from the lowland to the subalpine zone in South Korea and is therefore recognized as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots. This study was conducted to understand the distribution range of vascular plants along elevational gradients through field surveys in the six national parks of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. We identified the upper and lower distribution limits of a total of 873 taxa of vascular plants with 117 families, 418 genera, 793 species, 14 subspecies, 62 varieties, two forms, and two hybrids. A total of 12 conifers were recorded along the elevational gradient. The distribution ranges of Abies koreana, Picea jezoensis, Pinus pumila, and Thuja koraiensis were limited to over 1000 m above sea level. We also identified 21 broad-leaved trees in the subalpine zone. A total of 45 Korean endemic plant species were observed, and of these, 15 taxa (including Aconitum chiisanense and Hanabusaya asiatica) showed a narrow distribution range in the subalpine zone. Our study provides valuable information on the current elevational distribution ranges of vascular plants in the six national parks of South Korea, which could serve as a baseline for vertical shifts under future climate change.

Predicting the potential distribution of the subalpine broad-leaved tree species, Betula ermanii Cham. under climate change in South Korea

Shin, Sookyung,Dang, Ji-Hee,Kim, Jung-Hyun,Han, Jeong Eun The National Institute of Biological Resources 2021 Journal of species research Vol.10 No.3

Subalpine and alpine ecosystems are especially vulnerable to temperature increases. Betula ermanii Cham. (Betulaceae) is a dominant broad-leaved tree species in the subalpine zone and is designated as a 'Climate-sensitive Biological Indicator Species' in South Korea. This study aimed to predict the potential distribution of B. ermanii under current and future climate conditions in South Korea using the MaxEnt model. The species distribution models showed an excellent fit (AUC=0.99). Among the climatic variables, the most critical factors shaping B. ermanii distribution were identified as the maximum temperature of warmest month (Bio5; 64.8%) and annual mean temperature (Bio1; 20.3%). Current potential habitats were predicted in the Baekdudaegan mountain range and Mt. Hallasan, and the area of suitable habitat was 1531.52 km², covering 1.57% of the Korean Peninsula. With global warming, future climate scenarios have predicted a decrease in the suitable habitats for B. ermanii. Under RCP8.5-2070s, in particular, habitat with high potential was predicted only in several small areas in Gangwon-do, and the total area suitable for the species decreased by up to 97.3% compared to the current range. We conclude that the dominant factor affecting the distribution of B. ermanii is temperature and that future temperature rises will increase the vulnerability of this species.

Northward expansion trends and future potential distribution of a dragonfly Ischnura senegalensis Rambur under climate change using citizen science data in South Korea

Shin, Sookyung,Jung, Kwang Soo,Kang, Hong Gu,Dang, Ji-Hee,Kang, Doohee,Han, Jeong Eun,Kim, Jin Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2021 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.45 No.1

Background: Citizen science is becoming a mainstream approach of baseline data collection to monitor biodiversity and climate change. Dragonflies (Odonata) have been ranked as the highest priority group in biodiversity monitoring for global warming. Ischnura senegalensis Rambur has been designated a biological indicator of climate change and is being monitored by the citizen science project "Korean Biodiversity Observation Network." This study has been performed to understand changes in the distribution range of I. senegalensis in response to climate change using citizen science data in South Korea. Results: We constructed a dataset of 397 distribution records for I. senegalensis, ranging from 1980 to 2020. The number of records sharply increased over time and space, and in particular, citizen science monitoring data accounted for the greatest proportion (58.7%) and covered the widest geographical range. This species was only distributed in the southern provinces until 2010 but was recorded in the higher latitudes such as Gangwon-do, Incheon, Seoul, and Gyeonggi-do (max. Paju-si, 37.70° latitude) by 2020. A species distribution model showed that the annual mean temperature (Bio1; 63.2%) and the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5; 16.7%) were the most critical factors influencing its distribution. Future climate change scenarios have predicted an increase in suitable habitats for this species. Conclusions: This study is the first to show the northward expansion in the distribution range of I. senegalensis in response to climate warming in South Korea over the past 40 years. In particular, citizen science was crucial in supplying critical baseline data to detect the distribution change toward higher latitudes. Our results provide new insights on the value of citizen science as a tool for detecting the impact of climate change on ecosystems in South Korea.

Climate warming induces the activity period prolongation and distribution range expansion of the Asian mantis Hierodula patellifera in South Korea

Shin Sookyung,Kang Duhee,Lee Jongsung,Seock Do Min,Gu Kang Hong,Suh Jae-Hwa,Kyung Oh Hyun,Woo Kim Tae 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.4

The Asian mantis, Hierodula patellifera, is a native species of South-East Asia and has been designated as a Korean Climate Biological Indicator Species. This study aimed to understand the responses of the phenology and dis tribution of H. patellifera to recent climate trends in South Korea as well as predictions for future responses. We constructed a combined dataset consisting of 1169 records ranging from 1984 to 2022. The number of records sharply increased over time and space, with citizen science data accounting for the greatest proportion. Our study confirmed the prolongation of the overall activity period of the Asian mantis over the past seven years caused by the advanced emergence and delayed senescence. The distribution range of the species also expanded towards higher latitudes and inland regions over the last 40 years. Species distribution models showed that temperature-related variables in the summer and winter seasons were the most critical factors influencing its distribution. In the future, suitable habitats for this species are predicted to expand across the entire Korean peninsula as temperatures rise based on the SSP climate scenarios. These results support the suitability of H. patellifera, which prefers warm environments, as a biological indicator of climate change. They suggest consistent monitoring under future climate warming. Our study also provides novel insights into the value of citizen science as a critical monitoring tool for detecting the impacts of climate change on ecosystems.

Sex-related demographics in two remnant populations of a dioecious tree Ilex cornuta (Aquifoliaceae): implications for conservation

Shin, Sookyung,Lee, Hakbong,Lee, Jei-Wan,Kang, Hyesoon The Ecological Society of Korea 2019 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.43 No.3

Background: Dioecious plant species having both male and female plants have been investigated regarding sex-related characteristics such as sex ratio, sex-differential resource requirements, and spatial segregation of the sexes. Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to the survival of plant populations, but dioecious species are particularly more prone to such habitat degradation than non-dioecious species because of their dimorphic sexual system. We examined the sex-related demographics of two Ilex cornuta populations being different regarding land use history. Methods: During 2016-2017, we examined I. cornuta trees with a basal diameter ${\geq}1.5cm$ in the Yongsu-ri population (YS population) and the Gotjawal Provincial Park population (GP population). Plant sex (male, female, or unsexed) was identified. The tree size (basal diameter and height of the main stem), clonal production (the ramet numbers per genet), and vitality for each clone were measured. The associations between population, sex, tree size, clonal production, and vitality were examined using ANOVAs and contingency table analyses. Finally, point pattern analyses using O-ring statistics were conducted to assess spatial patterns. Results: Upon excluding unsexed trees, the YS population with 74 trees was significantly male-biased (0.66), while the GP population with only 26 trees had a 1:1 sex ratio. In both populations, males and females did not differ in tree size. Although the mean number of ramets differed significantly between populations, females tended to produce more ramets than males. The proportion of weak trees was significantly higher in the YS than in the GP population. Neither population showed evidence of spatial segregation of the sexes. Conclusions: The two populations of dioecious I. cornuta are characterized by the small number of trees and relatively high frequencies of non-reproductive trees. Both indicate that these populations are quite susceptible to environmental and genetic stochasticity. On the other hand, the differences between populations in sex ratio, clonal production, and vitality suggest that conservation efforts for I. cornuta need to be population-specific. In order to help recover and enable this vulnerable species to persist, it is necessary to find ways to enhance their sexual reproduction and simultaneously reduce habitat disturbances due to anthropogenic activities.

Spatial distribution patterns of old-growth forest of dioecious tree Torreya nucifera in rocky Gotjawal terrain of Jeju Island, South Korea

Shin, Sookyung,Lee, Sang Gil,Kang, Hyesoon The Ecological Society of Korea 2017 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.41 No.8

Background: Spatial structure of plants in a population reflects complex interactions of ecological and evolutionary processes. For dioecious plants, differences in reproduction cost between sexes and sizes might affect their spatial distribution. Abiotic heterogeneity may also affect adaptation activities, and result in a unique spatial structure of the population. Thus, we examined sex- and size-related spatial distributions of old-growth forest of dioecious tree Torreya nucifera in extremely heterogeneous Gotjawal terrain of Jeju Island, South Korea. Methods: We generated a database of location, sex, and size (DBH) of T. nucifera trees for each quadrat ($160{\times}300m$) in each of the three sites previously defined (quadrat A, B, C in Site I, II, and III, respectively). T. nucifera trees were categorized into eight groups based on sex (males vs. females), size (small vs. large trees), and sex by size (small vs. large males, and small vs. large females) for spatial point pattern analysis. Univariate and bivariate spatial analyses were conducted. Results: Univariate spatial analysis showed that spatial patterns of T. nucifera trees differed among the three quadrats. In quadrat A, individual trees showed random distribution at all scales regardless of sex and size groups. When assessing univariate patterns for sex by size groups in quadrat B, small males and small females were distributed randomly at all scales whereas large males and large females were clumped. All groups in quadrat C were clustered at short distances but the pattern changed as distance was increased. Bivariate spatial analyses testing the association between sex and size groups showed that spatial segregation occurred only in quadrat C. Males and females were spatially independent at all scales. However, after controlling for size, males and females were spatially separated. Conclusions: Diverse spatial patterns of T. nucifera trees across the three sites within the Torreya Forest imply that adaptive explanations are not sufficient for understanding spatial structure in this old-growth forest. If so, the role of Gotjawal terrain in terms of creating extremely diverse microhabitats and subsequently stochastic processes of survival and mortality of trees, both of which ultimately determine spatial patterns, needs to be further examined.

북한미술 연구 동향과 과제

신수경 ( Shin Sookyung ) 덕성여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2020 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.30

이 글은 북한미술 연구가 어떻게 진행되어 왔는지 연구 주체와 주제를 중심으로 살펴본 것이다. 북한미술 연구사에 대해서는 약 20여 년 동안 여러 연구자들이 고찰한 바 있다. 그런데 ‘북한미술연구’라는 같은 대상을 논의하면서도 시기에 따라, 연구자에 따라 관점과 방법에 다소 차이가 있었다. 그것은 뒤집어서 생각하면 북한미술, 또는 북한미술 연구사가 다양한 관점과 방법으로 연구가 가능한 분야라는 의미이기도 하다. 이 글에서는 각 정권의 대북정책에 따른 연구 동향을 2000년대까지는 개괄적으로 다룬 대신 2010년대 이후, 특히 문재인 정부 들어서서 북한미술 연구에 어떤 변화와 성과가 있었는지에 초점을 맞추어 분석하였다. 2018년 벽두, 남북 두 정상 간의 만남으로 평화체제 구축에 대한 기대감과 함께 북한미술에 대한 관심도 높아졌다. 그 결과 개별 연구자는 물론, 학회·대학교 부설 연구소·정부산하 기관 등에서 연구에 박차를 가하면서 조선화나 미술정책에 집중되었던 주제에서 벗어나 포스터ㆍ자수ㆍ조각 등 연구 분야가 다양해졌으며, 새로운 연구자들의 활동이 크게 증가하였다. 그러나 활발해진 연구만큼 앞으로 풀어야할 과제도 많다. 그동안 별다른 검토 없이 사용해왔던 ‘북한미술’이라는 용어를 비롯해, 북한미술의 기점, 범위 등에 대해서 원점에서부터 다시 검토할 필요가 있다. 이와 함께 북한미술 연구의 가장 큰 어려움인 작품의 진위 감정을 어떻게 할 것인지에 대해서도 심도 있게 논의해야 할 것이다. 이 글이 이러한 과제들을 함께 고민하고, 논의하는 계기가 되어 앞으로 북한미술 연구가 더욱 활성화되기를 기대한다. The article focuses on the subject and the subject of the study on how the study of North Korean art. For about 20 years, various researchers considered North Korean art history. However, while discussing the same subject as “study of North Korean art,” there were some differences in perspectives and methods depending on the timing of the research. It also means that North Korean art, or North Korean art research, can be studied in various ways from various perspectives. The article, which looked at the research trends of each administration's North Korea policy, dealt with them in general until the 2000s. Moon Jae-in, in particular since the 2010 instead focus on the administration that North Korea has any change in the study and performance art. The 2018 meeting between the two leaders of South and North Korea has raised expectations for the establishment of a peace regime, as well as interest in North Korean art. As a result, individual researchers as well as research institutes and government-affiliated institutes attached to Hagyeondeung University were encouraged to do their research. As a result, various research genres such as posters, embroidery, and sculptures have become more diverse than the subjects that were focused on Joseonhwa or art policies. There has also been a significant increase in the activity of new researchers. However, there are as many tasks to be solved as there are more active studies. The term “North Korean art,” which has been used without much consideration, the basis of North Korean art, and the scope of research should be reviewed from scratch. In addition, they will have to discuss in-depth how to feel the authenticity of the work, the biggest difficulty in studying North Korean art. We hope that this will lead researchers to contemplate these tasks together and further boost their research on North Korean art in the future.

한국어판 ‘장소안도감’ 척도의 타당화 연구 -지역사회 거주 노인을 대상으로-

신수경 ( Sookyung Shin ),김찬우 ( Chanwoo Kim ),고은정 ( Eunjung Ko ),김현민 ( Hyunmin Kim ),서종건 ( Jonggun Seo ),이뿐새 ( Bbeunsae Lee ) 한국사회복지정책학회 2021 사회복지정책 Vol.48 No.3

인간의 삶을 이해하는데 있어 일상생활을 하는 장소의 의미는 매우 중요하다. 고령 인구가 급증하면서 지역사회 지속 거주(Aging in Place)의 개념이 주목받고 있는 것은 이 같은 맥락에 기인한다. 그러나 국내에서는 주거환경 개선방안과 같은 물리적 환경에 한하여 논의되고 있다. 이는 재가 또는 시설이라는 사회복지 서비스의 이분화된 접근방식, 서비스가 이루어지는 장소와 삶의 역동성에 대한 이해 부족의 문제와 더불어 이를 측정할 수 있는 척도의 부재도 관련이 있을 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 일본에서 개발된 장소안도감(Sense of IBASHO) 척도를 우리말로 번역한 후, 신뢰도와 타당도를 평가하여 국내 사회복지 정책과 실천에서 논의할 수 있는 척도를 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 서울과 경기지역에 거주하는 65세 이상의 재가노인 500명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였다. 최종 응답자 473명 중 분석에 적절한 451명의 자료를 활용해 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 한국어판 장소안도감 척도(Korean Version of the Sense of IBASHO Scale)는 원 척도와 달리, 3개 요인, 총 19개 문항으로 구성되었으며, 하위요인은 ‘물리적·개인적·사회적 장소안도감’으로 명명하였다. 또한 내적 일관성 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증을 실시하여 해당 척도가 사용하기에 적합함을 검증하였다. 이는 척도를 구성하는 3개 하위요인에 적재된 문항들이 동일한 요인을 측정하고 각 요인이 서로 구별되는 개념을 측정하는 정도가 양호하다는 의미로 해석될 수 있다. 한국어판 장소안도감 척도(K-SIS)의 개발은 사회복지서비스가 이뤄지는 다양한 클라이언트의 생활 장소에 대한 장소안도감 측정을 가능케 하여 관련 연구의 활성화에 기여 할 것으로 기대된다. Understanding the meaning of places where people live in everyday is important. As the aging population is on the increase, ‘Aging in place’ has been noticed in the scope of welfare for the aged. When discussing issues about welfare for the aged based on the concept of AIP, the places they send most of their time are exemplified as only home or facility. In other words, this binary approach in terms of places only considers the physical environment. This may also be related to the absence of a scale to measure the sense of place. The purpose of this study is to develop a Korean version of the sense of IBASHO scale(K-SIS). To achieve this purpose, this study conducted a survey on 500 elderly people aged 65 and over living at home in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. Of the 473 final respondents, Using data from 451 suitable for analysis were used for confirmatory factor analysis. The results of evaluating the K-SIS were satisfactory. The K-SIS is Three sub-factors consisted of 19 items. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the scale is composed of 3 factors (Physical, Personal, Social). The scale showed high internal consistency reliability and satisfactory construct validity. This can be interpreted as meaning that the items in the three sub-factors constituting the scale are sufficient to measure the same factor and to measure the concept in which each factor is distinct. The development of the K-SIS will contribute to measuring the sense of IBASHO in the place where social welfare service clients live.

북한의 전후 복구 시기 조각 연구 - ‘일반조각’을 중심으로

신수경(Shin Sookyung) 한국근현대미술사학회 2020 한국근현대미술사학 Vol.40 No.-

이 논문은 북한의 전후 복구 시기(1953-1961) ‘일반조각’을 중심으로 6·25전쟁에 대한 인식과 전후(戰後) 재건의 모습을 살펴본 것이다. 이를 위해 북한의 문예지·도록·단행본 등에 산재해 있는 조각 관련 문헌과 작품 이미지를 수집하여 크게 두 가지 방향에서 고찰했다. 먼저 전후 복구 시기 조각 관련 문헌을 ‘소련 및 동유럽 조각의 영향’, ‘창작체험기’, ‘창작방법론’, 그리고 ‘전시와 작품 비평’으로 나누어 분석했다. 그 결과 1950년대 중반까지만 하더라도 소련의 영향이 절대적이었지만, 1950년대 후반이 되면 소련 관련 문헌이 줄어드는 대신 동유럽 국가들과의 교류를 보여주는 문헌이 증가했다. 이렇게 외교 채널이 다양해졌을 뿐만 아니라 이 시기 미술잡지에는 조각가들의 진솔한 체험기를 비롯해, 전시 및 작품에 대한 매우 구체적이고 날카로운 비평문이 실렸다. 특히 기념비 조각에 대한 관심이 고조되는 1950년대 후반부터는 민족적인 양식을 찾기 위해 신라·고려 시대 조각을 소환하기도 하고, 소련 조각을 이상적으로 내세우는 등 다양한 논의가 이루어졌다. 전후 복구 시기 제작된 ‘일반조각’에는 의외로 6·25전쟁을 다룬 작품은 많지 않았다. 오히려 항일혁명 투쟁이나 반미의식을 주제로 한 작품이 더 많은데, 이는 6·25전쟁이 미국의 한반도 지배 위협으로부터 지켜낸 민족해방전쟁이라는 인식에서 기인한다. 이 시기 조각 중 가장 많은 비중을 차지하는 주제는 전쟁의 상처를 딛고 급속한 공업화를 추진하는 과정에서 형성된 천리마 기수들의 노력투쟁이다. 1950년대 중반 속도전을 표방한 천리마 운동이 1950년대 후반이 되면 ‘사상(의식) 개조’를 중점에 두고 ‘증산경쟁’을 결합한 ‘집단적 혁신운동’인 천리마 작업반 운동으로 전개되었다. 조각가들 역시 이러한 흐름에 맞추어 ‘천리마 창작단’을 결성하고 자신들을 당 정책의 선전자로 근로자들의 교양 강사로 자처하며 노동자와 농민상을 작품으로 형상화했다. 아직 연구가 활발하지 않은 북한의 전후 복구 시기 ‘일반조각’을 중심으로, 개별 조각가들에 대한 구체적인 활동상과 작품을 살펴본 이 글은 그동안 북한 조각에 대한 연구가 집체창작으로 이루어지는 기념비 조각에 집중되었던 시각에서 벗어나 북한 조각계의 다양한 측면을 살펴보는 기회가 될 것으로 기대한다. This article examines North Korea’s perception of the Korean War and its postwar reconstruction through the lens of ‘figurative sculpture’ made during the postwar period(1953-1961). Based on numerous literary resources and images collected from North Korean periodicals, art catalogues and books, this study sheds light on a noteworthy transition that happened in the 1950s when North Korean artists shifted their attention from the Soviet Union to diverse countries in Eastern Europe as well as Korea’s past. In the mid-1950s when the influence of the Soviet Union was dominant, North Korean art journals introduced representative Soviet sculptors and Soviet articles translated by North Korean artists who had returned from the Soviet Union after years of study there. However, this tendency declined when North Korea began to diversify diplomatic channels and North Korean artists pursued a new source of inspiration not only in Eastern European sculpture but in Korea’s traditional sculpture from the Silla and Goryeo periods. While idealizing Soviet sculpture, North Korean sculptors also attempted to find ethnic styles from native ancient sculptures. There were not many sculptures which directly addressed themes of the Korean War in the postwar period. Rather they tended to represent the Korean War, along with the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle, as a national liberation war. These sculptural representations intended to justify the Korean War as the historic national war to protect the Korean Peninsula from the military threat of the United States, invoking anti-Americanism. In the mid-1950s, North Korean sculptors featured the heroic struggle of Chollima riders amid the country’s postwar reconstruction and rapid industrialization. With the slogan of speed battle, the Chollima Movement developed into the Chollima Work Team Movement. While undergoing the rectification of thought/class consciousness and provoking increase in production, individual sculptors became avid propagandists of party policy and instructors for teaching workers and farmers. Among them, notable artists like Song Young-baek presented the model of the Chollima team leader and Cho Won-seok created many sculptural pieces to show anti-American themes. This article scrutinizes the field of study called ‘figurative sculpture’ which has been overlooked by art historians who paid special attention to North Korean monuments made by collective creations.