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Bioloistic-mediated Transformation of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Embryogenic Calli as Explant
Haq Ikram-ul,Asad Shaheen,Zafar Yusuf The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2005 Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research Vol.7 No.4
Genetic transformation was carried out by using biolistic gun method. The hypocotyl derived embryogenic calli (explants) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. Cocker-312 were transformed with a recombinant pGreen II plasmid, in which both, bar (selection marker) and GUS (${\beta}$-glucuronidase) reporter genes were incorporated. Explants were arranged on osmoticum-containing medium (0.5M mannitol) 4 hours prior to and 16 hours after bombardment that was resulted into an increase about >80% for GUS stable expression. 3 days after bombardment, GUS assay was performed, which exhibited, $18.36{\pm}1.00$ calli showed blue spots. The transformed embryogenic calli were cultured on selection medium (@ 6 mg/L basta) for 3 months. The putative transgenic plants were developed via selective somatic embryogenesis (@1.50 mg/L basta); maximum $27.58{\pm}1.25$ somatic embryos were obtained while $17.47{\pm}1.00$ embryos developed into plantlets (@ 0.75mg/L basta). In five independent experiments, up to 7.24% transformation efficiency was recorded. The presence of the transgenes was analyzed by using PCR and southern hybridization analysis. The transgenic plants were developed with in 6-7 months, but mostly transformants were abnormal in morphology.
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Hameed, Amir,Iqbal, Zafar,Asad, Shaheen,Mansoor, Shahid The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2014 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.30 No.4
Viral diseases have been a major limiting factor threating sustainable potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Pakistan. Surveys were conducted to serologically quantify the incidence of RNA viruses infecting potato; Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus M (PVM) and Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in two major potato cultivars (Desiree and Cardinal). The results suggest the prevalence of multiple viruses in all surveyed areas with PVY, PVS and PVX dominantly widespread with infection levels of up to 50% in some regions. Co-infections were detected with the highest incidence (15.5%) for PVX and PVS. Additionally the data showed a positive correlation between co-infecting viruses with significant increase in absorbance value (virus titre) for at least one of the virus in an infected plant and suggested a synergistic interaction. To test this hypothesis, glasshouse grown potato plants were challenged with multiple viruses and analyzed for systemic infections and symptomology studies. The results obtained conclude that multiple viral infections dramatically increase disease epidemics as compared to single infection and an effective resistance strategy in targeting multiple RNA viruses is required to save potato crop.
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Amir Hameed,Zafar Iqbal,Shaheen Asad,Shahid Mansoor 한국식물병리학회 2014 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.30 No.4
Viral diseases have been a major limiting factor threatingsustainable potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) productionin Pakistan. Surveys were conducted to serologicallyquantify the incidence of RNA viruses infectingpotato; Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY),Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virusM (PVM) and Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in twomajor potato cultivars (Desiree and Cardinal). Theresults suggest the prevalence of multiple viruses in allsurveyed areas with PVY, PVS and PVX dominantlywidespread with infection levels of up to 50% in someregions. Co-infections were detected with the highestincidence (15.5%) for PVX and PVS. Additionally thedata showed a positive correlation between co-infectingviruses with significant increase in absorbance value(virus titre) for at least one of the virus in an infectedplant and suggested a synergistic interaction. To testthis hypothesis, glasshouse grown potato plants werechallenged with multiple viruses and analyzed for systemicinfections and symptomology studies. The resultsobtained conclude that multiple viral infections dramaticallyincrease disease epidemics as compared tosingle infection and an effective resistance strategy intargeting multiple RNA viruses is required to save po-tato crop.
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Global variation of COVID-19 mortality rates in the initial phase
Saman Hasan Siddiqui,Azza Sarfraz,Arjumand Rizvi,Fariha Shaheen,Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai,Syed Asad Ali 질병관리본부 2021 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.12 No.2
Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused devastation in over 200 countries. Italy, Spain, and the United States (US) were most severely affected by the first wave of the pandemic. The reasons why some countries were more strongly affected than others remain unknown. We identified the most-affected and less-affected countries and states and explored environmental, host, and infrastructure risk factors that may explain differences in the SARS-CoV-2 mortality burden. Methods: We identified the top 10 countries/US states with the highest deaths per population until May 2020. For each of these 10 case countries/states, we identified 6 control countries/states with a similar population size and at least 3 times fewer deaths per population. We extracted data for 30 risk factors from publicly available, trusted sources. We compared case and control countries/states using the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and conducted a secondary cluster analysis to explore the relationship between the number of cases per population and the number of deaths per population using a scalable EM (expectation–maximization) clustering algorithm. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in 16 of 30 investigated risk factors, the most important of which were temperature, neonatal and under-5 mortality rates, the percentage of under-5 deaths due to acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and diarrhea, and tuberculosis incidence (p < 0.05) Conclusion: Countries with a higher burden of baseline pediatric mortality rates, higher pediatric mortality from preventable diseases like diarrhea and ARI, and higher tuberculosis incidence had lower rates of coronavirus disease 2019-associated mortality, supporting the hygiene hypothesis.
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