Jesuits and the Propaganda Missionaries

클라우스 샤츠(Klaus Schatz) 서강대학교 신학연구소 2011 신학과 철학 Vol.- No.19

적응주의 선교정책은 예수회 선교사들의 선교정책이 그랬듯이, 로마교황청의 포교성성(布敎聖省)의 선교 프로그램에 있어서도 본질적인 것이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 전례논쟁에서 포교성성의 선교사들은 일찌감치 예수회원들의 적이었다. 예수회원들에 반대하는 편에 탁발수도자들만 있었더라면 아마도 중국전례에 대한 로마교황청의 단죄는 - 적어도 절대적이고 극단적인 형태로는 - 없었을 것이다. 사실 전례논쟁의 배후에는 적응주의에 대한 두 다른 이해, 혹은 대화의 상대자를 선택함에 있어서의 두 다른 선택 그리고 토착화를 위한 두 다른 시발점이 있었다. 그 점이 전례논쟁의 핵심에 있었던 것이다. 그러므로 전례논쟁의 성격을 더 밝히기 위하여 본 논문은 적응주의 선교정책에 관해 예수회와 포교성성이 보인 대조적인 이해에 초점을 맞춘다. 이를 위해 예수회 선교사들 특히 마태오 리치로부터 시작하여 계속된 중국에서의 예수회 선교사들의 전략적 선택들을 뒷받침했던 적응주의 선교의 원리들과, 그와 대조적으로 포교성성에 의해 촉진되었던 적응주적 선교의 원리들을 비교하여 검토한다. Missionary accommodation belonged essentially to the program of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, as it was with the policy of the Jesuit missionaries. Significantly enough, however, the Jesuits found the missionaries of the Roman Congregation among their early adversaries in the Rites Controversy. Had there been only the Friars on the opposing side to the Jesuits, there would probably not have been a Roman condemnation of the Rites, at least not in a categorical and extreme form. In the background of the Rites Controversy, there were in fact different conceptions of accommodation, or different options in choosing partners in dialogue, and different starting points for inculturation. That was at the very heart of the Rites Controversy. Hence, in order to shed some more lights on the nature of the Rites Controversy this article examines closely two contrasting conceptions of accommodation. It considers in comparison the principles of accommodation that undergirded decisions of the Jesuits especially in China beginning with Matteo Ricci, and those promoted in contrast by the Roman Congregation.

Continuity, Innovation and Discontinuity in the Second Vatican Council

클라우스 샤츠(Klaus Schatz) 서강대학교 신학연구소 2016 신학과 철학 Vol.- No.28

제2차 바티칸 공의회의 연속성 그리고/혹은 불연속성의 문제는 그것의 해석의 정통성과 그 의도들의 충실성에 관한 다른 문제들과 연결되어 있다. 연속성 최종점으로서 텍스트로서의 공의회 불연속성 여정으로서 사건으로서의 공의회 불연속성의 요소들: 일반적으로 이전 시대에 우세하였던 경향들 (트리엔트 이후, 반자유주의와 반근대주의) 과의 관계에 있어서 어떤 방향의 변화보다 특별한 것; 1) 제2차 바티칸 공의회 고유의 특징; 공의회의 책무를 부정적이고 부분적인 길로서(‘이단’에 대한 문책과 ‘남용’과의 싸움)가 아니라, 시대의 소명에 대하여 하느님의 말씀으로부터 신학적이고 영성적인 응답을 하는 것으로 이해 2) ‘교회 현대화’로서의 개혁 (주로 임시적인 ‘폐습’을 철폐하여 이상적 상태로 되돌려 놓는 것이 아니라, 시대의 요구에 개방하는 것) 3) 교회 교리의 ‘배타주의적’ 요소의 변형과 차별화 4) 이전에 다소 ‘비정통적’이라고 거부되었던 (가톨릭 계몽주의, 자유주의 기톨릭사즘, ‘근대주의’), 가톨릭시즘의 과거 쇄신운동의 재건, 5) 몇몇 공의회의 확인사항들이 단지 보조적인 것일 뿐만 아니라, 실제로 즉각적으로 진행 중에 있는 시대의 교도권적 주장과도 맞아들어갔다. - 특별히 종교 자유의 문제에 있어서 ‘연속성으로서 해석’하는 것이 가능하지 않다. 그러나 이전의 균일한 전통과의 ‘단절’은 없었다. 문제: 실제의 단절, 불연속성과 인식의 전환들에 직면하여 보다 높은 연속성을 어떻게 설명할 수 있을까? 몇 가지 검토한 점들이 있다. 1) 제2차 바티칸 공의회는 공의회 반세기 이전부터 다소간 시작된 장기적인 교회 발전에 뿌리를 두고 있다. 2) 교회의 전통은 정적이거나, 항상 일정하거나 균일한 실재가 아니다. 그것은 신념과, 선택과 실천의 살아있는 역동적인 네트워크이다. 이곳에도 역시 ‘르네상스’의 지역이 있는데, 그것은 바로 직전 과거의 교의와 전통이 사라지고 옛날의 전통을 회복하는 것이다. 낭만주의시대 이래 채택되어온 살아있는 유기체의 생물학적 모텔은 인간 역사에 충분히 적용될 수 없다. 르네상스에 속했던 인류 역사에서는 과거의 시대로 되돌아갔고 전통은 잊혀졌다. 3) 그러나 제2차 바티칸의 많은 새로운 관점들에 대하여, 『사목 헌장』 에서의 세상 현실과의 새로운 관계에 관한 것처럼, 종교의 자유에 관하여, 비그리스도교 종교에 대한 존중에 관하여, 비그리스도교인과 무신론자의 구원 가능성에 관한 낙관에 관하여, 유다이즘에 대한 새로운 평가와 교회의 반유대주의 전통의 거부에 관하여, 이 답이 충분할 수는 없다. 이러한 입장은 역사적으로 새로운 것이다 그러나 이것이 하느님과 인간 개인에 대한 그리스도인으로서의 개념에 뿌리를 두지 않고 근대성을 순수하게 적용한 것이라는 것을 의미하지는 않는다. 예를 들어 종교 자유의 문제에 있어서 어느 순간 인간 존엄성의 근본적 가지가 ‘가톨릭 국가’에 대한 이상 같은 교리의 껍질을 깰 것이다. 혹은 신학적으로 말해서 교회 전통은 죽음과 부활을 통하여 나가야만 한다. 그리고 성령의 연속성은 순간적이며 역사적으로 상대적인 죽음의 불연속성을 통하여 나아간다. The problem of continuity and/or discontinuity of Vatican II is linked with other problems regarding the authenticity of its interpretation and the fidelity to its intentions: Continuity Council as text as final point Discontinuity Council as event as way Elements of discontinuity: Generally a certain change of direction in relation to the prevalent tendencies of the preceding (post-Tridentine, anti-liberal and anti-modernistic) times. More especial: 1) The peculiar character of Vatican II: understanding the task of the Council not in a negative and partial way (as condemnation of ‘heresies’ and fighting against ‘abuses’), but rather as a theological and spiritual response from the word of God to the call of the times. 2) Reform as ‘aggiornamento’ (not primarily as abolition of temporary ‘abuses’ returning to an ideal state, but opening to the needs of time). 3) Differenciation or modification of the ‘exclusivistic’ elements of ecclesiatical doctrine. 4) Rehabilitation of previous reform movements in the catholicism, which formerly had been rejected as more or less ‘unorthodox’ (Catholic Enlightenment, Liberal Catholicism, ‘Modernism’). 5) Some conciliar affirmations do not only complement, but really correct the magisterial assertions of the immediate preceding time. - Especially in the question of religious liberty no ‘hermeneutic of continuity’ is possible. But: there was not a ‘rupture’ with a preceding homogeneous tradition! The problem: How can be described an higher continuity faced with real ruptures, discontinuities and paradigm-shifts? Here some reflections: 1) Vatican II is rooted in long-term ecclesiastical developments, which began more ore less a half century before the Council. 2) Ecclesiastical Tradition is not a static, uniform and homogeneous reality, but a dynamic and living network of convictions, options and practices. Here is also the place for ‘Renaissances’, that is recovery of former traditions connected with the dismissal of traditions and doctrines of the immediate past. The biologic model of a living organism, adopted to the Church since the time of romanticism, cannot be applied fully to human history. To human history belong Renaissances, returns to former times and to forgotten traditions. 3) But for many new perspectives of Vatican II, as for the new relation to the worldly realities in Gaudium et Spes, for religious liberty, for the esteem of the non-Christian religions, for the optimism regarding the possibility of salvation of Non-Christians and even atheists, for the new valuation of judaism and the rejection of the Church’s own anti-Jewish traditions, this answer cannot be sufficient. These positions are historically new. But that does not mean that they have no roots in the Christian conception of God and the human person and that they would pure adaptation to the modernity. E.g. in the issue of religious freedom: In a certain moment the fundamental value of personal dignity will break the shell of a doctrine like that of the ideal of ‘Catholic State’. Or, theologically speaking: ecclesiastical tradition must go through death and resurrection; the continuity of the Spirit proceeds through the discontinuity of the death which is temporary and historically relative.

Lattice Gas Monte Carlo Simulation of Capillary Forces in Atomic Force Microscopy

Jang, J.,Schatz, G.C. VSP 2010 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Vol. No.

Energetic and Frictional Effects in the Transport of Ions in a Cyclic Peptide Nanotube

서용일,송연호,George C. Schatz,황현석 대한화학회 2017 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.38 No.1

The effects of geometric restraints and frictional parameters on the energetics and dynamics of ion transport through a synthetic ion channel are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for several different ions. To do so, potential of mean force profiles and position-dependent diffusion coefficients for Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl− transport through a simple cyclic peptide nanotube, which is composed of 4× cyclo[−(D-Ala-Glu-D-Ala-Gln)2−] rings, are calculated via an adaptive biasing force MD simulation method and a Baysian inference/Monte Carlo algorithm. Among the restraints and parameters examined in this work, the radius parameter used in the flat-bottom half-harmonic restraint at the entrance and exit to channel has a great effect on the energetics of ion transport through the variation of entropy in the outside of the channel. The diffusivity profiles for the ions show a strong dependence on the damping coefficient, but the dependence on the coefficient becomes minimal inside the channel, indicating that the most important factor which affects the diffusivity of ions inside the channel is local interactions of ions with the structured channel water molecules through confinement.

Conformational Effects in the Transport of Glucose through a Cyclic Peptide Nanotube: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

Seo, Yongil,Song, Yeonho,Schatz, George C.,Hwang, Hyonseok American Chemical Society 2018 The Journal of physical chemistry B Vol.122 No.34

<P>The transport behavior of glucose through a cyclic peptide nanotube (CPN), composed of 8 × cyclo[-(Trp-<SMALL>D</SMALL>-Leu)<SUB>4</SUB>-Gln-<SMALL>D</SMALL>-Leu-] rings embedded in DMPC lipid bilayers was examined using all-atom molecular dynamics (AAMD) simulations. Two conformational isomers of β-<SMALL>D</SMALL>-glucose, equatorial (<SUP>4</SUP>C<SUB>1</SUB>) and axial (<SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB>) chair conformers, were used to examine conformational effects on the hydrogen bond network, energetics, and diffusivity of glucose transport through the CPN. Calculations of the number of hydrogen bonds of the two glucose conformers with water molecules and with the CPN illustrate that the total number of hydrogen bonds of the conformers decreases inside the channel compared to bulk water due to the confinement characteristics of the interior of the CPNs although new hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl hydrogens of glucose and the carbonyl oxygens in the CPN backbone are formed. Despite the decrease of the number of hydrogen bonds inside the CPN, intramolecular hydrogen bonds of <SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB> are maintained during permeation of <SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB> through the CPN. The retention of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and the spherical shape of <SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB> give rise to considerably weaker orientational preferences and higher diffusion coefficients for <SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB> than those of <SUP>4</SUP>C<SUB>1</SUB> inside and outside the CPN. Due to larger dipole moments induced by the alignment of hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl groups, <SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB> has more favorable interactions with the CPN backbone at the channel entrances and inside the channel than <SUP>4</SUP>C<SUB>1</SUB>. In the middle of the CPN channel, entropic gains originating from higher orientational and translational degrees of freedom of <SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB> than those of <SUP>4</SUP>C<SUB>1</SUB> also contribute to lower free energy wells for <SUP>1</SUP>C<SUB>4</SUB> inside the CPN. This work reveals that the conformational variation and intramolecular hydrogen bond formation of β-<SMALL>D</SMALL>-glucose can have important effects on the energetics and dynamics of glucose transport through CPNs, providing insight into the translocation mechanism of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-glucose into the cell through glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the dynamics of glucose confined in silica nanochannels. It is also demonstrated that CPNs can indeed facilitate the permeation of small hydrophilic molecules such as glucose and can be utilized as a novel carrier system for hydrophilic drug compounds into the cell.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Influence of Surface Roughness on the Pull-Off Force in Atomic Force Microscopy

Jang, J.,Sung, J.,Schatz, G. C. American Chemical Society 2007 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.111 No.12

Hysteresis and ribbons in Taylor-Couette flow of a semidilute non-colloidal suspension

C. Kang(강창우),Michael Schatz,Parisa Mirbod 한국전산유체공학회 2023 한국전산유체공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.10

Small Size Limit to Self-Assembled Monolayer Formation on Gold(111)

Saha, Joyanta K.,Ahn, Yoonho,Kim, Hyojeong,Schatz, George C.,Jang, Joonkyung American Chemical Society 2011 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.115 No.27

<P>Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the minimum diameter of ordered self-assembled monolayer (SAM) structures of alkanethiols on Au(111) is 1.9 nm at room temperature. This presumably sets the ultimate resolution of the SAM patterns created by nanolithography. For SAMs larger than 1.9 nm, the tilt direction of the alkyl chain precesses around the center of the SAM. This precession changes direction on a time scale that increases from picoseconds to nanoseconds as the SAM size varies from 2 to 3 nm.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2011/jpccck.2011.115.issue-27/jp202564m/production/images/medium/jp-2011-02564m_0010.gif'></P>

Molecular Dynamics Study of the Formation of a Self-Assembled Monolayer on Gold

Ahn, Yoonho,Saha, Joyanta K.,Schatz, George C.,Jang, Joonkyung American Chemical Society 2011 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C - Vol.115 No.21

<P>Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the formation of nanoscale islands of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) starting from alkanethiol molecules initially lying down in a disordered physisorbed layer on gold. These islands form when tens of alkane thiols stand up together within tens of ns after chemisorption begins. The alkane chains in these islands are found to be tilted, and the tilt direction precesses around the center of the island. This precession, together with the packing of the sulfur atoms, signals the formation of a SAM island, occurring prior to the tilting and orientation ordering of the chains.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2011/jpccck.2011.115.issue-21/jp200447k/production/images/medium/jp-2011-00447k_0008.gif'></P>

Extended kinetic lattice grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation method for transport of multicomponent ion mixtures through a model nanopore system

Choi Inhyeok,Kim Namho,Song Yeonho,Schatz George C.,Hwang Hyonseok 대한화학회 2022 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.43 No.3

An extended version of the original kinetic lattice grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation method combined with mean field theory (KLGCMC/MF) (J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 127, 024706) is presented for the study of transport of multicomponent ion mixtures through a model nanopore. Comparison of the extended KLGCMC/MF (eKLGCMC/MF) simulation results with Poisson–Nernst– Planck (PNP) calculations is also made to confirm the validity of the extended simulation approach. Unlike the original version of KLGCMC/MF simulation method that treats only a binary ionic solution with one cation and one anion species, this extended version can deal with a system that includes ternary ion mixtures. A diffusion probability algorithm is also added to the extended version of the simulation method to describe the inhomogeneous diffusivity of ions that is often observed in the ion permeation through nanopores. Both Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind were tested as a basis set for the basis set expansion (BSE) method with which to calculate the reaction field energy in the eKLGCMC/MF simulation. It turned out that the Legendre polynomials perform better than the Chebyshev polynomials, and as a result, the Legendre polynomials were implemented in the current version of eKLGCMC/MF simulation algorithm. The presented eKLGCMC/MF simulation method with new features finds its potential applications in nanopore systems where the correlation between ion species with the same sign of charges plays a key role such as oscillating ion currents or anomalous mole fraction effects.