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Ash Gourd Peel Wax: Extraction, Characterization, and Application as an Edible Coat for Fruits
K. M. Sreenivas,Kirtibala Chaudhari,S. S. Lele 한국식품과학회 2011 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.20 No.2
Ash gourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn) is a vegetable used in Asian countries and the peel contains high edible waxy materials. This paper reports extraction,characterization, and utilization of ash gourd peel wax as an edible coating in fruits; with strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) as a model system. Crude wax had melting point of 80ºC and molecular weight by number (Mn) and molecular weight by weight (Mw) at 2,277 and 2,323respectively. Dip method was used to coat crude wax as an emulsion on strawberry. Quantity of wax, concentration of sodium benzoate, and dip time were optimized and the values were 0.5%, 1M, and 3 min, respectively. Results were comparable with carnauba wax coating. Fruits without wax coating spoiled completely in less than 2 days at 25ºC. Wax coating enhanced the shelf life to 7 days at 25ºC and the properties such as texture, color, weight loss,titrable acidity, and microbial counts were well acceptable.
UNCERTAINTY AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TMI-2 ACCIDENT SCENARIO USING SIMULATION BASED TECHNIQUES
Rao, R. Srinivasa,Kumar, Abhay,Gupta, S.K.,Lele, H.G. Korean Nuclear Society 2012 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.44 No.7
The Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) accident has been studied extensively, as part of both post-accident technical assessment and follow-up computer code calculations. The models used in computer codes for severe accidents have improved significantly over the years due to better understanding. It was decided to reanalyze the severe accident scenario using current state of the art codes and methodologies. This reanalysis was adopted as a part of the joint standard problem exercise for the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) - United States Regulatory Commission (USNRC) bilateral safety meet. The accident scenario was divided into four phases for analysis viz., Phase 1 covers from the accident initiation to the shutdown of the last Reactor Coolant Pumps (RCPs) (0 to 100 min), Phase 2 covers initial fuel heat up and core degradation (100 to 174 min), Phase 3 is the period of recovery of the core water level by operating the reactor coolant pump, and the core reheat that followed (174 to 200 min) and Phase 4 covers refilling of the core by high pressure injection (200 to 300 min). The base case analysis was carried out for all four phases. The majority of the predicted parameters are in good agreement with the observed data. However, some parameters have significant deviations compared to the observed data. These discrepancies have arisen from uncertainties in boundary conditions, such as makeup flow, flow during the RCP 2B transient (Phase 3), models used in the code, the adopted nodalisation schemes, etc. In view of this, uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are carried out using simulation based techniques. The paper deals with uncertainty and sensitivity analyses carried out for the first three phases of the accident scenario.