Effect of oxygen partial pressure and annealing on nanocrystalline p-type ZnO:Sb thin films

K. Samanta,A.K. Arora,S. Hussain,S. Chakravarty,R.S. Katiyar 한국물리학회 2012 Current Applied Physics Vol.12 No.5

We have investigated the effect of oxygen partial pressure and annealing on nanocrystalline p-type Sb-doped ZnO thin films, grown by pulsed laser deposition, with hole concentration of 6.5 ×1018/cm3and mobility of 53 cm2/V-s. Uses of higher working pressure or annealing are found to reduce carrier concentration. A strong correlation is observed between carrier concentration and the violet (3.02 eV)emission related to free Zn-vacancy; stronger the violet emission, smaller the carrier concentration. In contrast to earlier suggestion of using higher oxygen pressure for obtaining p-type conductivity, the present results show a deterioration of the quality of film. We have investigated the effect of oxygen partial pressure and annealing on nanocrystalline p-type Sb-doped ZnO thin films, grown by pulsed laser deposition, with hole concentration of 6.5 ×1018/cm3and mobility of 53 cm2/V-s. Uses of higher working pressure or annealing are found to reduce carrier concentration. A strong correlation is observed between carrier concentration and the violet (3.02 eV)emission related to free Zn-vacancy; stronger the violet emission, smaller the carrier concentration. In contrast to earlier suggestion of using higher oxygen pressure for obtaining p-type conductivity, the present results show a deterioration of the quality of film.

BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF VITAL ORGANS IN RABBITS FED ON PROCESSED NEEM (Azadirachta indica) KERNEL MEAL INCORPORATED DIETS

Gowda, S.K.,Katiyar, R.C.,Sharma, A.K.,Sastry, V.R.B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.4

Blood biochemical and histopathological changes in vital organs of rabbits were studied after 19 wk of feeding composite diets (75 concentrate : 25 roughage) incorporating either urea (2%, wt/wt) ammoniated or alkali (1.5%, wt/wt) treated neem kernel meal (NKM) replacing peanut meal protein of control diet by either 50 or 100%. The blood biochemical constituents (Haemoglobin, Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate amino transferase, Total protein, Blood urea nitrogen &Cholesterol) in rabbits fed on processed NKM diet at either levels, were comparable to the values of thos on control diet except a lowered (p < 0.05) blood glucose concentration in processed NKM fed rabbits as compared to that in control diet fed ones. Histological examination revealed increased goblet cell activity, stunting of jejunal villi, mild tubular degeneration in kidney and hepatic fibro-cellular reaction in rabbits fed on urea ammoniated and alkali treated NKM diets with less marked changes in the latter. Testicular changes with variable degree of disorganization and vacuolation of spermatogonial cells were noticed in rabbits fed higher levels of urea-ammoniated and alkali treated NKM. Thus, alkali treatment and urea-ammoniation were effective in detoxification of meal, but the processing technology is to be further perfected to prevent cumulative effect of residual neem bitters in long term feeding.

Fermentation Pattern and Enzymatic Activity in Caecum of Rabbits Fed Processed Neem (Azadirachta indica) Kernel Meal Incorporated Diets

Gowda, S.K.,Sastry, V.R.B.,Sahoo, A.,Katiyar, R.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1997 Animal Bioscience Vol.10 No.4

A caecal fermentation study was conducted in 30 Angora rabbits equally placed under five whole diets (75 concentrate : 25 roughage) supplemented with processed Neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel meal (NKM ; 2% urea or 1.5% NaOH, W/W), replacing isonitrogenously either at 50 or 100% level of deoiled peanut (Arachis hypogea) meal, for 18 wk period. The total volatile fatty acids level was depressed (p < 0.05) in all the experimental groups (0.02 to 0.04 mEq/g) and ammonia-nitrogen was lowest (p < 0.05; $24.9{\mu}mol/g$) in rabbits fed NaOH treated NKM supplemented diet. Enzyme activity (unit/g) of carboxy methyl-cellulase, ${\alpha}$-amylase, protease and urease exhibited much variation and did not differ significantly. Hence, the results could not confirm a possible adverse effect of feeding NKM on caecal fermentation.

Polarized Raman scattering and lattice eigenmodes of antiferromagnetic NdFeO₃

Singh, Manoj K.,Jang, Hyun M.,Gupta, H. C.,Katiyar, Ram S. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2008 JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - Vol.39 No.7

<P>The first- and second-order Raman-active phonons in the orthorhombic Pbnm NdFeO<SUB>3</SUB> single crystals were studied by means of polarized Raman scattering and lattice dynamics computations (LDC). The zone-center phonons of A<SUB>g</SUB> symmetry were distinguished from the B<SUB>1g</SUB> eigenmodes by performing polarized Raman scattering experiments using two parallel polarization configurations, X′(ZZ)X′ and Z(X′X′)Z. With the help of LDC, we were able to assign most of the observed Raman-active modes, including phonons of B<SUB>2g</SUB> and B<SUB>3g</SUB> symmetry. The LDC results indicated that among the 16 force constants employed, the one corresponding to the stretching vibration between the central Fe cation and the axial oxygen atom in a FeO<SUB>6</SUB> octahedron unit had the largest value. This suggests that the B-site Fe cation is more tightly bound to the axial O1 ion than the other two equatorial O2 ions. It was further shown that at higher wavenumbers, the displacement of oxygen atoms contributed dominantly to the zone-center vibrations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>

Pixel-level image fusion techniques in remote sensing: a review

Vijay Solanky,S. K. Katiyar 대한공간정보학회 2016 Spatial Information Research Vol.24 No.4

In the recent years remote sensing image fusion of satellite images has become a popular tool for analyzing different features presented on satellite images. We have analyzed only pixel-level image fusion techniques in this paper, which integrates a low-resolution multispectral (MS) image and high-resolution panchromatic (PAN) image to produce a more informative image than any of the single image. Generally, a PAN image is having a better spatial resolution, while the MS image is having a better spectral resolution than PAN image, due to this trade-off between MS and PAN image resolutions, it could be difficult to preserve spectral and spatial resolution in a single image without a fusion technique. In this paper, we have reviewed most popular and recent image fusion techniques and implemented them on Cartosat-1, RESOURCESAT-2, LANDSAT-8 data set. Results obtained from each method by visual analysis and quantitative measures indicated that UNB fusion algorithm outperforms other techniques used in this paper.

Effect of Replacement of Groundnut Cake with Urea-treated Neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) Seed Kernel Cake on Nutrient Utilisation in Lambs

Musalia, L.M.,Anandan, S.,Sastry, V.R.B.,Katiyar, R.C.,Agrawal, D.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.9

The effect of urea treatment on chemical composition of neem seed kernel cake (NSKC) was investigated by soaking the cake in 2.1% urea solution (1.2 l $kg^{-1}$ NSKC) for five days. The effect on utilisation of nutrients by replacing groundnut cake (GNC) (30%) with urea-treated neem seed kernel cake (UTNSKC) (33%) in a concentrate mixture fed to meet 70% of the protein requirements of lambs (8 males and 8 females), was monitored in a digestibility study. Following urea treatment of NSKC only 9.5% of urea was hydrolysed and the crude protein content of the cake was increased by 6.65%. The tannin content in depulped neem seeds was 37% catechin equivalent. Whereas feeding UTNSKC had no effect on intake of dry matter (72.5 vs 66.3 g/kg $BW^{0.75}day^{-1}$) and digestibility of crude fibre (41.3 vs 43.4%), the cake depressed (p<0.01) the percent digestibility of dry matter (63.7 vs 70.2), crude protein (63.2 vs 70.2), nitrogen free extract (73.8 vs 80.5) and gross energy (64.3 vs 69.1). Digestibility of ether extract (75.8 vs 70.9%) was higher (p<0.05) in animals offered UTNSKC. The nutritive value of the composite ration consumed by lambs offered UTNSKC was lower (p<0.01) in terms of total digestible nutrients (64.7 vs 70.2%) and digestible energy (2.8 vs 3.0 Kcal/g DM). Intake of digestible energy (199.8 vs 194.1 Kcal/kg $BW^{0.75}day^{-1}$) and retention of nitrogen (7.53 vs 8.23 g $day^{-1}$) and calcium (2.12 vs 1.84 g $day^{-1}$) were comparable on the 2 rations. Animals fed UTNSKC retained less (p<0.01) phosphorus (0.37 vs 1.05 g $day^{-1}$). The results indicate that urea treatment increased the protein level of NSKC whereas feeding the treated cake as a replacement of GNC, lowered the digestibility of nutrients and retention of phosphorus.