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김록영(Rog-Young Kim),성좌경(Jwa-Kyung Sung),이주영(Ju-Young Lee),김석철(Seok-Cheol Kim),장병춘(Byoung-Choon Jang),김원일(Won-Il Kim),옥용식(Yong-Sik Ok) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.3
Chromium as a constituent of rocks occurs naturally in the environment in varying concentrations. However, the human activity has changed the geochemical cycle of chromium in the environment and has caused the chromium accumulation in soils. Korean soils revealed a wide range of chromium contents depending on parent material and land use. The total chromium contents of volcanic ash soils in Jeju, which were determined using HNO₃ + HClO₄ + HF, ranged from 434 to 1,164 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. The ‘ecological’ total chromium contents extracted using conc. HCl + conc. HNO₃ (aqua regia) in the same soils varied in a lower range of 50-189 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (averaged percentage of aqua regia contents in HNO₃ + HClO₄ + HF contents: 14.9%). Serpentine soils in Andong showed a ‘ecological’ total chromium content of 309 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> and against it granitic soils in Andong only 20 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. In uncontaminated forest soils of Korea, the ‘ecological’ total chromium contents varied from 4.89 to 106 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> and the soluble chromium contents determined using 0.1 M HCl ranged from 0.01 to 0.64 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (averaged percentage of 0.1 M HCl contents in aqua regia contents: 0.4%). Arable lands contained more soluble chromium than reported in forest soils (averaged soluble chromium: 0.36 and 0.09 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively). In particular, the soluble chromium contents in greenhouse, orchard and upland soils were higher than in contaminated soils near mine and industrial site (maximum contents: greenhouse 15.3 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; upland 12.1 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; orchard 8.29 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; mine site 4.76 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; industrial site 2.80 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>). On the basis of these results a accumulation of chromium in some specific arable lands can be assumed, probably by long-continued applications of fertilizers or soil amendments containing chromium. In Korean Enforcement Decree of the Soil Environment Conservation Act soil standards for total chromium do not exist yet.
A Brief Review of Soil Systematics in Germany
Rog-Young Kim(김록영),Jwa-Kyung Sung(성좌경),Seok-Cheol Kim(김석철),Byoung-Choon Jang(장병춘),Yeon-Kyu Sonn(손연규) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.1
각 나라마다 토양이 생성되는 환경이 다르고, 토양분류가 활용되는 목적이 다르기 때문에 세계적으로 다양한 토양분류체계가 발전되어 왔다. 1998년부터 국제적으로 통용되기 시작한 WRB 분류체계와 미국의 분류체계인 Soil Taxonomy는 그동안 국내에 잘 알려져 왔지만, 위의 두 체계와 분류기준을 달리하는 독일 분류체계인 Soil Systematics는 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 논문에서 독일 분류체계의 구성과 분류기준을 소개하고자 한다. German Systematics는 6 단계 구조로 이루어져 있고, 상부에서 하위 순서로, soil divisions, soil classes, soil types, soil subtypes, soil varieties, soil subvarieties로 세분화된다. 독일 토양은 먼저 토양수분상태에 따라 4개의 soil divisions 중 하나로 분류되며, 이들은 육지토양, 반육지토양, 반습지/습지토양, 토탄토양이다. 육지토양은 다시 토양발달상태, 층위분화에 따라 13개의 soil classes로 분류되며, 예로 토양발달이 미약한 O/C-토양, 토양발달이 많이 진전되고 Ae-층을 갖는 Podsole (WRB 명명법: Podzols; U.S. Taxonomy: Spodosols)를 들 수 있다. 반육지토양은 지하수토양, 담수토양, 해수토양, 해변토양의 4개의 soil classes로, 반습지/습지토양은 반습지토양, 습지토양의 2개의 soil classes로, 토탄토양도 자연적, 인위적 토탄토양의 2개의 soil classes로 세분화된다. Soil classes는 U.S. Taxonomy의 orders와 비교될 수 있다. 육지토양의 soil classes는 다시 29개의 soil types로, 토양발달이 미약한 토양은 모재에 따라, 토양발달이 진전된 토양은 토양생성과정에 따라 분류된다. 반육지토양의 soil classes는 토양발달 정도에 따라 17개의 soil types로, 반습지/습지토양의 soil classes는 유기물함량에 따라 5개의 soil types로, 토탄토는 생성과정에 따라 5개의 soil types로 세분화된다. Soil types은 독일 토양조사의 기본 단위이며, U.S. Taxonomy의 great groups과 비교될 수 있다. 토양단면의 미세한 형태학적 차이를 고려하여 다시 약 220개의 soil subtypes, 수천 개의 soil varieties과 soil subvarieties로 세분화될 수 있다. Due to diverse soil-forming environments and different purposes of the soil classification, numerous soil classification systems have been developed worldwide. The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the Soil Taxonomy of the United States are well-known in Korea. However, the German Soil Systematics based on somewhat different principles from the two former systems is little-known. The objective of this paper is therefore to give a short overview of the principles of the German Soil Systematics. The German Soil Systematics consists of a six-level hierarchical structure which comprises soil divisions, soil classes, soil types, soil subtypes, soil varieties, and soil subvarieties. Soils in Germany are firstly classified into one of four soil divisions according to the soil moist regime: terrestrial soils, semi-terrestrial soils, semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and peats. Terrestrial soils are subdivided into 13 soil classes based on the stage of soil formation and the horizon differentiation. Semi-terrestrial soils are differentiated into four classes regarding the source of soil moist: groundwater, freshwater, saltwater, and seaside. Semi-subhydric/subhydric soils are subdivided into two classes: semi-subhydric and subhydric soils. Peats are classified into two classes of natural and anthropogenic origins. Classes can be compared to orders of the U.S. Taxonomy. Classes are subdivided into 29 soil types with regard to soil forming-processes for terrestrial soils, into 17 types with regard to the soil formation for semi-terrestrial soils, into five types with regard to the content of organic matter for semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and also into five types with regard to peat-forming processes for peats. The soil mapping units in Germany are types, which can be additionally subdivided into ca. 220 subtypes, several thousands of varieties and subvarieties using detailed nuances of morphologic features of soil profile. Soil types can be compared to great groups of the U.S. Taxonomy.
석회와 유기물이 산성 산림토양의 Al과 Pb 불용화에 미치는 영향
김록영 ( Rog-young Kim ),윤정기 ( Jeong-ki Yoon ),김지인 ( Ji In Kim ),박경훈 ( Gyoung-hun Park ),윤성미 ( Sung Mi Yun ),김종모 ( Jong Mo Kim ),알렉산더쉐닝 ( Alexander Schoening ),김태승 ( Tae-seung Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2016 No.-
The toxic effects of Al and Pb on trees, earthworms, and microorganisms in acidic forest soils are well known. As a remedial measure the surfaces of forest soils worldwide have been limed. Depending on the thickness of the organic layer on the forest soils the applied lime leaches with a delay of several years into deeper layers of the mineral soil. Furthermore, the lime applied is often neutralized in the organic layer even before it reaches mineral soil horizons. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of liming on soil pH and immobilization of Al and Pbin acidic forest soils aftermixing the lime with the mineral soil. The dolomitelime together with the organic layeron the forest soils was strip wise mixed with the soil material to a depth of 35 cm. The investigation took place 8 months after the treatment. Soil treatment led to significant increases of the pH in the upper 35 cm of the soil. The soil of the untreated control strip was highly acidic with pH(CaCl2)of 3.4-3.7, whereas pH(CaCl2) in the treated strips were between 4.0 and 5.1. The total contents of Al and Pbin soils did not differ from the treated strip to the untreated strip. However, the mobile fractions of Al and Pb were significantly reduced from an average of 362 to 69.3 mg kg-1 for Al and 2.9 to 0.7 mg kg-1 for Pb. This improvedinitial soil conditions will probably lead to an advanced growingfor the planted trees.