http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Ayon-Reyna, Lidia Elena,Lopez-Valenzuela, Jose Angel,Delgado-Vargas, Francisco,Lopez-Lopez, Martha Edith,Molina-Corral, Francisco Javier,Carrillo-Lopez, Armando,Vega-Garcia, Misael Odin The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.6
Anthracnose of papaya fruit caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases. Hot water immersion (HW) and calcium chloride (Ca) treatments have been used to control papaya postharvest diseases; however, the effect of the combination HW-Ca on the pathogen growth and the development of the disease in infected papaya fruit has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the HW-Ca treatment on the in vitro growth of C. gloesporioides conidia and the quality of infected papaya. In vitro, the HW-Ca treated conidia showed reduced mycelial growth and germination. In vivo, the HW-Ca treatment of infected papaya delayed for 5 days the onset of the anthracnose symptoms and improved the papaya postharvest quality. The combined treatment HW-Ca was better than any of the individual treatments to inhibit the in vitro development of C. gloeosporioides and to reduce the negative effects of papaya anthracnose.
PENSION FUND REFORM AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING IN FOUR LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES
Gonzalo E Reyna,Josetta S McLaughlin,James B Ross People&Global Business Association 1998 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.3 No.1
This paper examines data from four Latin American countries-Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela. We combine information on pension funds with other economic indicators to describe a potential host country's economic well-being. The evidence suggests that the influx of resources from domestic sources stimulates the economies, thus enhancing the attractiveness of Latin America as a site location for industry.
Lidia Elena Ayón-Reyna,José Ángel López-Valenzuela,Francisco Delgado-Vargas,Martha Edith López-López,Francisco Javier Molina-Corral,Armando Carrillo-López,Misael Odín Vega-García 한국식물병리학회 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.6
Anthracnose of papaya fruit caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases. Hot water immersion (HW) and calcium chloride (Ca) treatments have been used to control papaya postharvest diseases; however, the effect of the combination HW-Ca on the pathogen growth and the development of the disease in infected papaya fruit has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the HWCa treatment on the in vitro growth of C. gloesporioides conidia and the quality of infected papaya. In vitro, the HW-Ca treated conidia showed reduced mycelial growth and germination. In vivo, the HW-Ca treatment of infected papaya delayed for 5 days the onset of the anthracnose symptoms and improved the papaya postharvest quality. The combined treatment HW-Ca was better than any of the individual treatments to inhibit the in vitro development of C. gloeosporioides and to reduce the negative effects of papaya anthracnose.
Céleo Ramírez,Ramón Jeremías Soto Hernández,Reyna M. Durón 대한백신학회 2021 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.10 No.3
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is an extremely rare complication associated with the adenovirus-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine. It is characterized by venous thrombosis, mainly cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, moderate to severe thrombocytopenia, and rarely, thrombosis in cerebral arteries. This syndrome is similar to the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and presents mostly among women aged 18–55 years, without previous exposure to heparin, usually 5 to 20 days after vaccination. However, cases have been reported in men and older adults [1-4]. Unlike COVID-19, this adverse effect might not represent a public health problem in itself, but it is already causing vaccine hesitancy in population groups susceptible to severe COVID-19, and poses a challenge in low resource settings [5]. The first case reports showed evidence that VITT has a mortality around 40% [1-3]. So far, cases have been reported and treated in hospitals of highly developed countries with first-rate health systems that facilitate early detection and treatment of this severe adverse event. VITT is confirmed by using PF4-dependent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, which allows the differential diagnosis from other causes of thrombosis in patients with a history of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination in previous days. However, it is likely that a large number of hospitals in many low-middle income countries do not have approved PF4-dependent ELISA assays for accurate diagnosis, nor immunoglobulins, glucocorticoids, and non-heparin anticoagulants needed for the treatment of this condition [1-4]. In times of this COVID-19 pandemic and precision medicine, problems and solutions should be considered global. Policies related to COVID-19 need to be addressed considering varied public health and socioeconomic contexts. The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is one of the most used vaccines in low-middle income countries, where special testing to confirm VITT is not widely available. Therefore, real figures are unknown, and underreporting of this adverse effect should be considered. Patient information, government, and hospital preparedness in these countries are needed to diagnose and manage VITT adequately, and to reduce morbidity and mortality from this complication. These strategies will have a positive impact on public acceptance and adherence to COVID vaccination.
Significance of immune checkpoint proteins in <i>EGFR</i>-mutant non-small cell lung cancer
Soo, Ross A.,Kim, Hye Ryun,Asuncion, Bernadette Reyna,Fazreen, Zul,Omar, Mohamed Feroz Mohd,Herrera, Maria Cynthia,Yun Lim, Joey Sze,Sia, Grace,Soong, Richie,Cho, Byoung-Chul Elsevier 2017 Lung cancer Vol.105 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>To characterize the expression of PD-L1, PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM3) in epidermal growth factor receptor (<I>EGFR</I>) mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).</P> <P><B>Materials and methods</B></P> <P>Samples from 90 patients with newly diagnosed advanced stage NSCLC harboring <I>EGFR</I> mutations and treated with first line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) within 3 months of diagnosis were stained for CTLA-4, PD-L1, PD-1, TIM-3 and CD3 expression by immunohistochemistry.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>PD-L1 was present in at least 1% of immune and tumor cells in 44% and 59% of samples, respectively. In multivariate analysis, increased CD3 immune shaped cell (ISC) counts (HR 2.805, <I>p</I> =0.034) and high PD-L1 tumor H-score (HR 3.805, <I>p</I> =0.022) was associated with a shorter progression free survival and high CTLA-4 ISC counts was associated with borderline overall survival significance (HR 1.054, <I>p</I> =0.061).</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>Tumor PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with a shorter PFS whereas immune cell CTLA-4 may be prognostic for OS. Our findings support the ongoing development of CTLA-4 and PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors in this important molecularly defined subset of lung adenocarcinoma.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Casesof advanced stage EGFR mutant NSCLC were analysed. </LI> <LI> PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIM3 expression were characterized. </LI> <LI> High tumor PD-L1 had a shorter PFS. </LI> <LI> Immune cell CTLA-4 expression was prognostic. </LI> </UL> </P>