Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000-2012

Saunois, Marielle,Bousquet, Philippe,Poulter, Ben,Peregon, Anna,Ciais, Philippe,Canadell, Josep G.,Dlugokencky, Edward J.,Etiope, Giuseppe,Bastviken, David,Houweling, Sander,Janssens-Maenhout, Greet,T Copernicus GmbH 2017 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.17 No.18

<P>Abstract. Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH4) budget over 2000-2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH4 emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000-2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008-2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16-32] Tg CH4 yr−1 higher methane emissions over the period 2008-2012 compared to 2002-2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002-2006 and 2008-2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies suggest smaller changes in fossil fuel emissions (from oil, gas, and coal industries) compared to the mean of the bottom-up inventories included in this study. This difference is partly driven by a smaller emission change in China from the top-down studies compared to the estimate in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.2) inventory, which should be revised to smaller values in a near future. We apply isotopic signatures to the emission changes estimated for individual studies based on five emission sectors and find that for six individual top-down studies (out of eight) the average isotopic signature of the emission changes is not consistent with the observed change in atmospheric 13CH4. However, the partitioning in emission change derived from the ensemble mean is consistent with this isotopic constraint. At the global scale, the top-down ensemble mean suggests that the dominant contribution to the resumed atmospheric CH4 growth after 2006 comes from microbial sources (more from agriculture and waste sectors than from natural wetlands), with an uncertain but smaller contribution from fossil CH4 emissions. In addition, a decrease in biomass burning emissions (in agreement with the biomass burning emission databases) makes the balance of sources consistent with atmospheric 13CH4 observations. In most of the top-down studies included here, OH concentrations are considered constant over the years (seasonal variations but without any inter-annual variability). As a result, the methane loss (in particular through OH oxidation) varies mainly through the change in methane concentrations and not its oxidants. For these reasons, changes in the methane loss could not be properly investigated in this study, although it may play a significant role in the recent atmospheric methane changes as briefly discussed at the end of the paper. </P>

Poster Session : PS 0060 ; Cardiology : Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in the Recovery Phase of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in an Elderly Male

( Vinesh Appadurai ),( Rohan Poulter ),( Corina Preda ),( Atefeh Haghi ),( Matthew Marrinan ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2014 No.1

Case Report: A 72 year old male underwent a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) for assessment of atypical chest pain and dyspnoea. Past medical history includedchronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking history. The baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) and vital signs were within normal limits. The resting echocardiogram showed normal valve function, left ventricular size, ventricular wall thickness and systolic function with an ejection fraction of 65%. Dobutamine was infused according to the protocol 10 mcg/kg/min increasing in 3 minute intervals to achieve a maximum heart rate of 148 beats per minute at 50 mcg/ kg/min. During stress, he experienced minor “indigestion”symptoms without distinct ECG changes. Imaging at 70% of peak heart rate and 85% of peak heart rate showed no inducible wall motion abnormalities. 5 minutes into recovery phase, he became hypotensive and developed progressive chest pain associated with ST-elevation of 4mm in antero-lateral and inferior leads. The recovery echocardiogram showed mid and distal septal akinesis, a dyskinetic apex, vigorous basal septal and lateral wall motion. Coronary angiogram revealed normal coronary arteries with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Troponin I peaked at 2.3μg/L and a diagnosis of dobutamine-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC). Patient was discharged 48 hours later. A transthoracic echocardiogram 3 months post-discharge revealed an ejection fraction of 71% and normal left ventricular function and patient denied chest pain or heart failure symptoms. Conclusion: This is only the second case of a dobutamine-induced stress cardiomyopathy to have occurred in an elderly male and the fi rst during the non-stress phase. TC is uncommon adverse effect of DSE in female patients but rarely documented in males. May refl ect sex differences in the myocardial threshold to resist catecholamine induced TC and advise caution when administering dobutamine protocols.

Poster Session : PS 0089 ; Cardiology : The Effect of Prehospital Activation of a Cardiac Catheter Laboratory on Times to Presentation in an Australian St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Population

( Vinesh Appadurai ),( Kim Greaves ),( Atefeh Haghi ),( Rohan Poulter ),( Peter Larsen ),( Mark Johnson ),( Darren Colburn ),( Alexander Willson ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Shorter door to balloon times are associated with improved outcomes in patients suffering from ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI). To determine whether prehospital activation of a new regional Australian cardiac catheterisation Laboratory (CCL) reduced pain to balloon time (PTBT), fi rst medical contact to balloon time (FMCTBT), activation of CCL to balloon time (ATBT) and door to balloon time (DTBT). Methods: 200 patients suffering from STEMI who presented to a new regional Australian CCL over a 19 month period were analysed. Prehospital activation (PHA) involved ECGs being performed and interpreted by paramedics who then contacted the on call interventional cardiologist to activate the CCL thus bypassing the emergency department. Hospital activation (HA) involved emergency physicians reviewing patient and activating CCL. Statistical analyses of PTBT, FMCTBT, ATBT and DTBT between these groups was undertaken with SPSS version 22. Results: 77% (154/200) were male, mean age 64 years (36-93 years), 40% (80/200) were prehospital activation STEMIs. There was a signifi cant difference between the following times: PTBT [PHA (163.5mins [IQR: 130,232.7]) vs HA (240mins [IQR:175.5, 413.5]) p=0.000]; FMCTB [PHA (103mins [IQR: 85, 122]) vs HA (152.5 mins [IQR: 109.5, 228.8]) p=0.000]; ATBT [PHA (64mins [IQR: 48, 76.8]) vs HA (71mins [IQR: 57.3, 103.8]) p=0.004]; DTBT [PHA (34.5mins [IQR: 28, 51.8]) vs HA (64mins [IQR: 33, 100.8]) p=0.000]. Conclusions: Prehospital activation of the CCL by paramedics was associated with a signifi cant reduction in times to presentation to a CCL in a regional Australian STEMI population.

Poster Session : PS 0090 ; Cardiology : Age Differences of Times to Presentation in an Australian St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Population Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

( Vinesh Appadurai ),( Kim Greaves ),( Atefeh Haghi ),( Rohan Poulter ),( Peter Larsen ),( Mark Johnson ),( Darren Colburn ),( Alexander Willson ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention is the gold standard for management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Reduced door to balloon times (DTBT) are associated with reduced mortality in these patients. Elderly patients have previously been associated with longer door to balloon times. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients suffering from STEMI who presented to a new regional Australian cardiac catheter laboratory (CCL) over a 19 month period was analysed. The <60 years, 60-70 years and >70 years age groups were reviewed. Statistical analyses of pain to balloon time (PTBT), fi rst medical contact to balloon time (FMCTBT), activation of CCL to balloon time (ATBT) and door to balloon time (DTBT) between these groups was undertaken with SPSS version 22. Results: 200 patients were analysed, 77% (154/200) were male and the mean age was 64 years (36-93 years). There was no significant difference between the age groups for the following median times: PTBT [<60 years (181.5mins [IQR:146.3,330.8]) vs 60-70 years (185.8mins [IQR: 149.5,320]) vs >70 years (194.5mins [IQR: 134.8, 262.5]) p=0.748]; FMCTBT [<60 years (118.5mins [IQR: 87.5, 171.5]) vs 60-70 years (122mins [IQR: 99.8,170.8]) vs >70 years (130mins [IQR:94.8, 172] p=0.684]; ATB [<60 years (68mins [IQR:50.8, 83.3]) vs 60-70 years (69mins [IQR:55, 97]) vs >70 years (71.5mins [IQR: 44.8, 93.3] p= 0.721]; DTB [<60 years (47mins [IQR: 28, 84.5]) vs 60- 70 years (41mins [IQR: 28, 76.5] vs >70 years (49.5mins [IQR:31.8, 87.8]) p=0.754]. Conclusions: In our group age was not associated with a significant difference in PTBT, FMCTBT, ATB or DTB in a new regional Australian CCL service.

The effect of uniaxial stress to spin reorientation transition in magnetic thin-films: Monte Carlo investigation

Y. Laosiritaworn,R. Yimnirun,J. Poulter 한국물리학회 2006 Current Applied Physics Vol.6 No.3

In this work, we studied magnetic thin-lms with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 4 layers via Monte Carlo simulations. The magneticsystems were modelled using anisotropic classical Heisenberg spins under the inuence of mechanical uniaxial stresses. The study wasperformed with a spin-ip algorithm to investigate how the averaged magnetic properties, including their microscopic orientation,depend on temperatures, thicknesses and the magnitude of the mechanical uniaxial stress. From our results, it is found that the appliedber of thicknesses. The observations are in good agreement with related experiments.