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        The Evolution of Japan’s Space and Security Policies: Reflections of Constitutional Interpretation and U.S. Influence

        Patricia K. McCormick 이화여자대학교 국제지역연구소 2021 Asian International Studies Review Vol.22 No.2

        This article assesses the impact of two factors on the development of Japan’s space and security programs: interpretation of Article 9 of the revised Meiji Constitution and the influence of the United States. Following the Second World War, Japan embraced a minimalist security policy. Article 9 directed post-war resources to economic development while using the U.S. to ensure security. Increasing challenges in the regional security environment with North Korea and China’s ascendency changed Japan’s perception and interpretation of self-defense. Japan ushered in successive institutional and policy alterations in accord with the development of their space and security capabilities and integration with the U.S. security network. Since 2008 Japan has passed legislation that shares a broad conception of space security. These legal doctrines reflect Japan’s commitment to actively engage in developing greater space and security competences. Reinterpreting the use of outer space for “peaceful” purposes from exclusively non-military to passive military uses is also in accord with changes in Japan’s identity from a “peace” state to a “normal” international state.

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