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Jackson, John Morris,Kaylor, Noel Harold Jr. 중세영문학연구회 2002 중세영문학 Vol.10 No.2
At Windsor, Queen Elizabeth I translated Boethius's De Consolatione Philosophiae into English in 1593. She appears to have worked with great speed and relative accuracy, which attests to her command of Latin. This paper considers her early education as informative, both on the classical authors in whose works she had long been steeped and on the methodology that is evident in the translation made in her sixtieth year. Primarily under Roger Ascham's direction, Elizabeth was presented texts that would encourage her use of "e purest diction,"upply her with superior values and perspectives, and endow her with the moral fortitude required in a monarch. The selected texts included those by Cicero, Demonsthenes, Isocrates, Sophocles, Livy, and mostly likely Boethius, whom Ascham cited as a touchstone of his own educational values. It was by instruction in Ascham's "uble translation"ethod, which he described in his The Scholemaster, that Elizabeth acquired her profound command of written and spoken Latin. By his own description, this method entails translating a classical text first into English and then, after a time, translating that English back into the original language of the text. This practice cultivates a literalness in the rendering of a text into English and also a gravitation toward, wherever possible, the use of cognates. An examination of Elizabeth's 1593 translation of the Consolation of Philosophy indicates that the queen continued to benefit from her childhood instruction even to the end of her long and glorious reign.
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Grim, Christopher J.,Zo, Young-Gun,Hasan, Nur A.,Ali, Afsar,Chowdhury, Wasimul B.,Islam, Atiqul,Rashid, Mohammed H.,Alam, Munirul,Morris Jr., J. Glenn,Huq, Anwar,Colwell, Rita R. American Society for Microbiology 2009 Applied and environmental microbiology Vol.75 No.17
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>A species-specific RNA colony blot hybridization protocol was developed for enumeration of culturable <I>Vibrio cholerae</I> and <I>Vibrio mimicus</I> bacteria in environmental water samples. Bacterial colonies on selective or nonselective plates were lysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the lysates were immobilized on nylon membranes. A fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe targeting a phylogenetic signature sequence of 16S rRNA of <I>V. cholerae</I> and <I>V. mimicus</I> was hybridized to rRNA molecules immobilized on the nylon colony lift blots. The protocol produced strong positive signals for all colonies of the 15 diverse <I>V. cholerae</I>-<I>V. mimicus</I> strains tested, indicating 100% sensitivity of the probe for the targeted species. For visible colonies of 10 nontarget species, the specificity of the probe was calculated to be 90% because of a weak positive signal produced by <I>Grimontia</I> (<I>Vibrio</I>) <I>hollisae</I>, a marine bacterium. When both the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were evaluated using lake water samples amended with a bioluminescent <I>V. cholerae</I> strain, no false-negative or false-positive results were found, indicating 100% sensitivity and specificity for culturable bacterial populations in freshwater samples when <I>G. hollisae</I> was not present. When the protocol was applied to laboratory microcosms containing <I>V. cholerae</I> attached to live copepods, copepods were found to carry approximately 10,000 to 50,000 CFU of <I>V. cholerae</I> per copepod. The protocol was also used to analyze pond water samples collected in an area of cholera endemicity in Bangladesh over a 9-month period. Water samples collected from six ponds demonstrated a peak in abundance of total culturable <I>V. cholerae</I> bacteria 1 to 2 months prior to observed increases in pathogenic <I>V. cholerae</I> and in clinical cases recorded by the area health clinic. The method provides a highly specific and sensitive tool for monitoring the dynamics of <I>V. cholerae</I> in the environment. The RNA blot hybridization protocol can also be applied to detection of other gram-negative bacteria for taxon-specific enumeration.</P>
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