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Sankaran, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam,Ficek, Mateusz,Kunuku, Srinivasu,Panda, Kalpataru,Yeh, Chien-Jui,Park, Jeong Young,Sawczak, Miroslaw,Michałowski, Paweł Piotr,Leou, Keh-Chyang,Bogdanowicz, Robert,Li The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Nanoscale Vol.10 No.3
<P>Carbon nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanoflakes/nanowalls, and graphene have been used as electron sources due to their superior field electron emission (FEE) characteristics. However, these materials show poor stability and short lifetimes, which prevent their use in practical device applications. The aim of this study was to find an innovative nanomaterial possessing both high robustness and reliable FEE behavior. Herein, a hybrid structure of self-organized multi-layered graphene (MLG)-boron doped diamond (BDD) nanowall materials with superior FEE characteristics was successfully synthesized using a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the as-prepared carbon clusters have a uniform, dense, and sharp nanowall morphology with sp<SUP>3</SUP> diamond cores encased by an sp<SUP>2</SUP> MLG shell. Detailed nanoscale investigations conducted using peak force-controlled tunneling atomic force microscopy show that each of the core-shell structured carbon cluster fields emits electrons equally well. The MLG-BDD nanowall materials show a low turn-on field of 2.4 V μm<SUP>−1</SUP>, a high emission current density of 4.2 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP> at an applied field of 4.0 V μm<SUP>−1</SUP>, a large field enhancement factor of 4500, and prominently high lifetime stability (lasting for 700 min), which demonstrate the superiority of these materials over other hybrid nanostructured materials. The potential of these MLG-BDD hybrid nanowall materials in practical device applications was further illustrated by the plasma illumination behavior of a microplasma device with these materials as the cathode, where a low threshold voltage of 330 V (low threshold field of 330 V mm<SUP>−1</SUP>) and long plasma stability of 358 min were demonstrated. The fabrication of these hybrid nanowalls is straight forward and thereby opens up a pathway for the advancement of next-generation cathode materials for high brightness electron emission and microplasma-based display devices.</P>
Effects of Metal Cations on Betanin Stability in Aqueous-organic Solutions
Sławomir Wybraniec,Karolina Starzak,Anna Skopińska,Maciej Szaleniec,Jacek Słupski,Katarzyna Mitka,Piotr Kowalski,Tadeusz Michałowski 한국식품과학회 2013 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.22 No.2
An effect of metal cations on betanin stability was investigated in aqueous and organic-aqueous solutions. The presence of organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile) affects substantially the pigments decomposition in acidic media induced by metal cations whose degrading action in such media is significantly higher than in aqueous solutions. The influence of Cu2+ on the stability was studied by spectrophotometry in more detailed manner, because of its ability to form complexes with betanin. The possibility of a complex formation between betanin and Ni2+ was also stated at pH 7-8; its relatively high stability in aqueous samples was observed. A presence of numerous products of betanin decomposition was detected in the wavelength range 380-500 nm in spectra obtained for most of metal cations investigated, especially for higher concentrations of the organic solvents.