Spray-dried plasma attenuates inflammation and improves pregnancy rate of mated female mice

Song, M.,Liu, Y.,Lee, J. J.,Che, T. M.,Soares-Almeida, J. A.,Chun, J. L.,Campbell, J. M.,Polo, J.,Crenshaw, J. D.,Seo, S. W.,Pettigrew, J. E. American Society of Animal Science 2015 Journal of Animal Science Vol. No.

<P>Three studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) might improve pregnancy rate by ameliorating inflammation, using mice in an experimental model that produces a low pregnancy rate. Mated female mice (C57BL/6 strain) were purchased and shipped from a vendor (Bar Harbor, ME) to the university facility (Urbana, IL) on the day the vaginal plug was found (gestation day [GD] 1), arriving at the laboratory on GD 3 after 2 d transport by air and ground. Mice (Exp. 1: <I>n</I> = 250, 16.0 ± 1.2 g BW; Exp. 2: <I>n</I> = 202, 16.2 ± 1.2 g BW; Exp. 3: <I>n</I> = 156, 16.4 ± 1.1 g BW) were housed in individual cages and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (Exp. 1: 0 [CON] and 8% SDP in the diet, ≥ 90 mice/diet; Exp. 2: 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8% SDP in the diet, ≥ 40 mice/diet; Exp. 3: 0, 1, and 8% SDP in the diet, 48 mice/diet) fed from arrival. In Exp. 1 and 2, pregnancy of each mouse was determined on GD 17 based on BW, shape of abdomen, and inspection postmortem, and maternal growth performance from GD 3 to 17 was measured. On GD 19, pregnant mice in Exp. 2 were euthanized to measure number of fetuses and fetal and placental weights. Pregnancy rates in CON were low in both Exp. 1 (11%) and Exp. 2 (7%). The SDP consistently and markedly increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) pregnancy rates in both Exp. 1 (49%) and Exp. 2 (35–43%) compared with the CON. In Exp. 3, 12 randomly selected mice were euthanized immediately after they arrived as an initial group. From GD 4 to 7, randomly selected mice were also euthanized each day (12 mice/diet). After euthanasia, the abdominal cavity was opened to check pregnancy by uterine inspection and to collect blood and uterus samples for immune measurements. The SDP increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05; 40 vs. 15%) pregnancy rate compared with the CON. Concentrations of indicators of inflammation and stress (uterine TNF-α and IFN-γ, and serum TNF-α, C-reactive protein, and cortisol) were greatest (<I>P</I> < 0.05) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-β1) was lowest (<I>P</I> < 0.05) soon after arrival, on GD 3 or 4. The SDP decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the uterine concentrations of TNF-α and IFN-γ, and serum TNF-α, C-reactive protein, and cortisol, compared with the CON, but increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the uterine concentration of TGF-β1. In conclusion, dietary SDP improves the low pregnancy rates in this model, apparently by attenuating inflammation.</P>

Dietary plant extracts modulate gene expression profiles in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs after an <i>Escherichia coli</i> infection

Liu, Y.,Song, M.,Che, T. M.,Lee, J. J.,Bravo, D.,Maddox, C. W.,Pettigrew, J. E. American Society of Animal Science 2014 Journal of Animal Science Vol.92 No.5

<P>This study was conducted to characterize the effects of infection with a pathogenic F-18 <I>Escherichia coli</I> and 3 different plant extracts on gene expression of ileal mucosa in weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (total = 64, 6.3 ± 0.2 kg BW, and 21-d old) were housed in individual pens for 15 d, 4 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (d 0). Treatments were in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement: with or without an F-18 <I>E. coli</I> challenge and 4 diets (a nursery basal, control diet [CON], 10 ppm of capsicum oleoresin [CAP], garlic botanical [GAR], or turmeric oleoresin [TUR]). Results reported elsewhere showed that the plant extracts reduced diarrhea in challenged pigs. Total RNA (4 pigs/treatment) was extracted from ileal mucosa of pigs at d 5 post inoculation. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified, labeled, and further hybridized to the microarray, and data were analyzed in R. Differential gene expression was tested by fitting a mixed linear model in a 2 × 4 factorial ANOVA. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (<B>DAVID;</B> National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases <B>[</B>NIAID, NIH<B>],</B> http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov). The <I>E. coli</I> infection altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 240 genes in pigs fed the CON (148 up- and 92 down-regulated). Compared with the infected CON, feeding CAP, GAR, or TUR altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 52 genes (18 up, 34 down), 117 genes (34 up- and 83 down-regulated), or 84 genes (16 up- and 68 down-regulated), respectively, often counteracting the effects of <I>E. coli</I>. The <I>E. coli</I> infection up-regulated (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes related to the activation of immune response and complement and coagulation cascades, but down-regulated (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis and accumulation. Compared with the CON, feeding CAP and GAR increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes related to integrity of membranes in infected pigs, indicating enhanced gut mucosa health. Moreover, feeding all 3 plant extracts reduced (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with antigen presentation or other biological processes of immune responses, indicating they attenuated overstimulation of immune responses caused by <I>E. coli</I>. These findings may explain why diarrhea was reduced and clinical immune responses were ameliorated in infected pigs fed plant extracts. In conclusion, plant extracts altered the expression of genes in ileal mucosa of <I>E. coli</I>-infected pigs, perhaps leading to the reduction in diarrhea reported previously.</P>

Parametric study of two-phase flow by integral analysis based on power law distribution

심우건,N. W. Mureithi,M. J. Pettigrew 대한기계학회 2010 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.24 No.7

To understand the fluid dynamic forces acting on a structure subjected to two-phase flow, it is essential to obtain detail information on the characteristics of that flow. The distributions of flow parameters across a pipe, such as gas velocity, liquid velocity and void fraction,may be assumed to follow a power law (Cheng 1998; Serizawa et al. 1975). The void fraction profile is, for example, uniform for bubbly flow, whereas for slug flow it is more or less parabolic. In the present work, the average values of momentum flux, slip ratio and other parameters were derived by integral analysis, based on approximate power law distributions. A parametric study with various distributions was performed. The existing empirical formulations for average void fraction, proposed by Wallis (1969), Zuber et al. (1967) and Ishii (1976), were considered in the derivation of the present results. Notably, the unsteady momentum flux for slug flow was approximated.

Effects of capsicum oleoresin, garlic botanical, and turmeric oleoresin on gene expression profile of ileal mucosa in weaned pigs

Liu, Y.,Song, M.,Che, T. M.,Bravo, D.,Maddox, C. W.,Pettigrew, J. E. American Society of Animal Science 2014 Journal of Animal Science Vol.92 No.8

<P>This study was conducted to characterize the effects of feeding 3 plant extracts on gene expression in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (<I>n</I> = 32, 6.3 ± 0.2 kg BW, and 21 d old) were housed in individual pens for 9 d and fed 4 different diets: a nursery basal diet as control diet, basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg of capsicum oleoresin, garlic botanical, or turmeric oleoresin. Results reported elsewhere showed that the plant extracts reduced diarrhea and increased growth rate of weaning pigs. Total RNA (4 pigs/treatment) was extracted from ileal mucosa of pigs at d 9. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified, labeled, and further hybridized to the microarray. Microarray data were analyzed in R using packages from the Bioconductor project. Differential gene expression was tested by fitting a mixed linear model equivalent to ANOVA using the limma package. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. Three pairwise comparisons were used to compare each plant extract diet with the control diet. Quantitative real time PCR was applied to verify the mRNA expression detected by microarray. Compared with the control diet, feeding capsicum oleoresin altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 490 genes (280 up, 210 down), and feeding garlic botanical altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 64 genes (33 up, 31 down), while feeding turmeric oleoresin altered (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the expression of 327 genes (232 up, 95 down). Compared with the control diet, feeding capsicum oleoresin and turmeric oleoresin increased [Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (<I>EASE</I>) < 0.05] the expression of genes related to integrity of membranes and tight junctions, indicating enhanced gut mucosa health, but decreased (<I>EASE</I> < 0.05) the cell cycle pathway. Feeding each of the 3 plant extracts enhanced (<I>EASE</I> < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with immune responses, indicating that feeding these plant extracts may stimulate the immune responses of pigs in the normal conditions. In conclusion, plant extracts regulated the expression of genes in ileal mucosa of pigs, perhaps providing benefits by enhancing the gut mucosa health and stimulating the immune system.</P>

Analytical solution for a vibrating simply-supported cylinder subjected to 2-D concentric annular flow, considering friction

Kang, H.S.,Mureithi, N.W.,Pettigrew, M.J. Academic Press 2012 Journal of fluids and structures Vol.35 No.-

An analytical model of annular-flow-induced vibration of a pinned-pinned cylinder is proposed. The model is based on three main assumptions: (i) small perturbations in flow components, (ii) negligible radial flow to reduce the annular flow to two-dimensional flow, and axial flow only for reduction to a one-dimensional flow, and (iii) perturbation frictional loss depending on the variation of axial perturbation velocity in terms of space and time. In this study, it is concluded that (a) the difference in fluidelastic forces between two- and one-dimensional flow models mostly depends on cylinder radius, and on whether perturbation flow is mainly allowed in the axial or circumferential direction, (b) the one-dimensional flow model should be limited to 1-d.o.f. vibration analysis or the case of a cylinder having a large radius-to-length ratio, and (c) the perturbation assumption has little effect on the dynamics of annular-flow-induced vibrations; however, the critical flow velocity is diminished considerably. Finally, preliminary results suggest that fluid friction may significantly modify the predicted model dynamics.