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경쟁위험모형을 이용한 고연령 자가거주 가구의 주거이동 및 주택점유형태 선택에 관한 연구
이경애 ( Lee Kyungae ),정의철 ( Chung Euichul ) 한국부동산분석학회 2016 不動産學硏究 Vol.22 No.4
This study analyzes the residential mobility and housing tenure choices of older homeowners. A discrete-time competing risks model was estimated using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study data from 2003 to 2012 in which `move-own`, `move-rent` and other choices can be made if a homeowner chooses to change their housing arrangement. Estimation results showed that the relative hazard rate of `move-own` events compared to the `stay-own` option is influenced by factors such as the presence of a spouse, divorce/death of a spouse, increase in the number of children, household real income, and the relative cost of home ownership. The relative hazard rate of `move-rent` events compared to the `stay-own` option was found to be influenced by the presence of a spouse, divorce/death of a spouse, householder`s health, the ratio of housing assets to total assets, and the relative cost of ownership. Odds ratios were relatively higher for demographic variables, but economic variables such as household real income and the relative cost of ownership also exhibited significant odd ratios. These results provide meaningful implications in understanding the future of the Korean housing market, which is undergoing rapid population ageing and changes in household composition.
EXPLORING A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON SHOPPING: USING PHOTO ELICITATION INTERVIEW
Mi Young Lee,Kyungae Park,Seunghee Lee 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06
The global marketplace is changing and retailers must decide on unique positioning strategies to attract consumers away from the competition. Socioeconomic changes are shifting consumer shopping patterns. Technology development drastically affected retail environment and consumers shopping behavior. While traditional retailers provide consumers to touch and feel merchandise and provide instant gratification, online retailers, meanwhile impress shoppers with wide selection, low prices and other consumers ratings and reviews. As the retailing industry move toward an omnichannel retailing experience, there are no exact distinction between traditional offline and online stores. Under the circumstances, retailers pursue an integrated sales experience that melds the advantages of physical stores with the information-rich experience of online shopping. In order to develop effective marketing strategy, retailers need adapting best practices from both the offline and online worlds in areas including developing products, pricing, designing the shopping experience and building relationships with customers (Brynjolfsson, Hu & Rahman, 2013). In order to do this, the first step is to understand the consumers who DO shopping in stores and “redesign shopping from scratch (Rigby, 2011): Why do they visit the stores? What do they expect from the stores? What does make their shopping experience special? What does shopping mean to consumers? The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding and conceptualizing of consumer’s perspective on shopping at this era of omnichannel retailing. Given the exploratory nature of the research, a qualitative research methodology was necessary because it is useful in gaining insights from consumers’ own perspectives (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994). The photo elicitation interview method was used for this research. This method allows the research discussion to start with real places and real experiences and visual data are useful for envisioning and speaking about possible, desired futures (Dumreucher & Kolb, 2008). For this research, we invite 20 college students to answer a research question by taking photos and explaining their photos to the researcher in the interview session. We used Dempsey and Tucker (1994)’s five step protocol for photo-interviewing. The five steps include: sourcing photographs, selecting specific photographs, preparing the interview schedule, conducting the interviews, and analyzing textual data. In order to collect sourcing photographs, we asked participants to consider the general research questions (e.g., what does shopping mean to you? What does come across your mind when you read “shopping”?) and how to take photos that reflect their view point on the research questions. Then, participants implemented their reflections by taking 30 photos of specific subjects in their surroundings (e.g., people, places, activities, or buildings) that related to the research questions and are meaningful to them during the next 2 weeks. In the selecting photographs step, photos were grouped in categories. In the interview, participants consider their photos and verbalize their thinking. In the final step, the data—photos, and interview transcripts-were analyzed (Dempsey & Tucker, 1994; Kolb, 2008) and core categories have emerged which have then been refined. The findings suggest that Korean young consumer’s concept of shopping were sorted into six categories: 1) considering various channels to shop (e.g., department store, outlet store, online store, mobile stores, offshore direct buying), 2) thinking of fashion items (e.g., clothing, shoes, cosmetics, accessories), 3) searching for promotional activities (e.g., sales, markdowns, special events, online coupons), 4) browsing and comparing attributes through online stores, 5) releasing stress/changing mood, 6) socializing with others, and 7) getting stress from shopping. Gaining a better understanding of the smart shopper will enable retailers to more accurately target this consumer group. Although various retail channels were the most photographed and mentioned in this study, department stores and mobile stores (using smartphone) were the most mentioned and photographed. Participants also mentioned browsing and comparison shopping through online stores as “pre-shopping activity.” Another area is hedonic aspect of shopping: one of the major meanings of shopping found in this study is releasing stress or changing mood. Some also mentioned that although they do shopping in order to release their stress, sometimes shopping leads to another type of stress. There are also few participants who suggested shopping is a stressful work to do. By the photo elicitation interview, this study illustrates that shopping embrace a multi-dimension of meanings and provides insights to improve our understanding of young Korean consumers’ concept of shopping. The photograph aided in the visual and emotional memory of the experience as a memory anchor as they recalled the places or moments, and using photographs in the research enabled the research to proceed to a deeper understanding and meaning
Non-invasive brain temperature monitoring using MR thermometry: in-vivo validation study
KyungA Kwak,Bitnarae Kwak,Taeim Kim,Kyung Sik Yi,ChulHyun Lee,Chi-Hoon Choi 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7
Purpose Non-invasive monitoring of brain temperature is essential for the assessment and optimization of therapeutic target temperature in acute ischemic brain. MR thermometry using 1-H MR spectroscopy (MRT) with Thulium-DOTMA (Tm-DOTMA) has the advantage of allowing absolute temperature measurements. We tried to validate MRT by comparing it with the actual brain temperature in rats. Materials and Methods Serial MRT was obtained in rats with mild systemic hypothermia (Group 1, n=5) and rats with local brain hypothermia with endovascular cooling (Group 2, n=5). Fiber optic thermometry (FOT) was inserted into the brain parenchyma to measure the actual temperature of the brain before MRT scans. For the local brain hypothermia models a 26G jelco catheter was inserted into the ICA and cold saline (4℃, 20ml) was infused in the MR bore for 20 minutes, followed by serial MRTs for 60 minutes. During MRT scans, body temperature was monitored using FOT. Tm-DOTMA was infused into the external jugular vein prior to an induced hypothermia. All the spectral data were semi-automatically processed by phasing and baseline correction using Philips software and JMRUI (URL http://www.mrui.uab.es/mrui/). Results The measured serial temperatures of FOT and MRT showed a similar linear decline in the systemic and local hypothermia groups. The differences of the measured temperatures between two methods were 0.05 ± 0.24 ℃ (mean±SD) in systemimc hypothermia group and 0.14 ± 0.34 in local brain hypothermia group. Conclusion In this study, we validated the MRT can monitor the selective brain hypothermia by confirming an accurate measurement of the actual brain temperature. Non-invasive brain temperature monitoring using the MRT is expected to be an important imaging biomarker for appropriate therapeutic hypothermia in the acute stroke patients.