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Neighboring and Connectivity-Aware Routing in VANETs
Ghafoor, Huma,Koo, Insoo,Gohar, Nasir-ud-Din Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014 The Scientific World Journal Vol.2014 No.-
<P>A novel position-based routing protocol anchor-based connectivity-aware routing (ACAR) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is proposed in this paper to ensure connectivity of routes with more successfully delivered packets. Both buses and cars are considered as vehicular nodes running in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions in a city scenario. Both directions are taken into account for faster communication. ACAR is a hybrid protocol, using both the greedy forwarding approach and the store-carry-and-forward approach to minimize the packet drop rate on the basis of certain assumptions. Our solution to situations that occur when the network is sparse and when any (source or intermediate) node has left its initial position makes this protocol different from those existing in the literature. We consider only vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in which both the source and destination nodes are moving vehicles. Also, no road-side units are considered. Finally, we compare our protocol with A-STAR (a plausible connectivity-aware routing protocol for city environments), and simulation results in NS-2 show improvement in the number of packets delivered to the destination using fewer hops. Also, we show that ACAR has more successfully-delivered long-distance packets with reasonable packet delay than A-STAR.</P>
Ghafoor, K.,Park, J.,Choi, Y.H. Elsevier Science 2010 INNOVATIVE FOOD SCIENCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Vol.11 No.3
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied for the extraction of valuable compounds from grape (Vitis labrusca B.) peel. Extraction was carried out according to an orthogonal array design (OAD) and independent variables selected were temperature, pressure and modifier concentration. SFE process was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) for the extract yield, total phenols, antioxidants and total anthocyanins from grape peel. Effects of extraction temperature and pressure were found to be significant on all responses. Optimal SFE conditions were identified as 45-46<SUP>o</SUP>C temperature, 160-165kgcm<SUP>-2</SUP> pressure and 6-7% ethanol as modifier for maximum extract yield (12.31%), total phenols (2.156mg GAE/100mL), antioxidants (1.628mg/mL) and total anthocyanins (1.176mg/mL). Experimental values for response variables at these optimal conditions match well with the predicted values. Grape peel extracts obtained by SFE showed more than 93% DPPH radical scavenging activities. Industrial relevance: This study describes the response surface optimization of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process for the enhanced recovery of total phenols, antioxidant and anthocyanins from grape peel. SFE uses CO<SUB>2</SUB> as supercritical fluid which is environment friendly solvent; allows extraction at lower temperature and the extracts obtained possess higher quality and safety. Industrially, it may be used as a promising technique for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials.
Selectivity and Longevity of Peripheral-Nerve and Machine Interfaces: A Review
Ghafoor, Usman,Kim, Sohee,Hong, Keum-Shik Frontiers Media S.A. 2017 Frontiers in neurorobotics Vol.11 No.-
<P>For those individuals with upper-extremity amputation, a daily normal living activity is no longer possible or it requires additional effort and time. With the aim of restoring their sensory and motor functions, theoretical and technological investigations have been carried out in the field of neuroprosthetic systems. For transmission of sensory feedback, several interfacing modalities including indirect (non-invasive), direct-to-peripheral-nerve (invasive), and cortical stimulation have been applied. Peripheral nerve interfaces demonstrate an edge over the cortical interfaces due to the sensitivity in attaining cortical brain signals. The peripheral nerve interfaces are highly dependent on interface designs and are required to be biocompatible with the nerves to achieve prolonged stability and longevity. Another criterion is the selection of nerves that allows minimal invasiveness and damages as well as high selectivity for a large number of nerve fascicles. In this paper, we review the nerve-machine interface modalities noted above with more focus on peripheral nerve interfaces, which are responsible for provision of sensory feedback. The invasive interfaces for recording and stimulation of electro-neurographic signals include intra-fascicular, regenerative-type interfaces that provide multiple contact channels to a group of axons inside the nerve and the extra-neural-cuff-type interfaces that enable interaction with many axons around the periphery of the nerve. Section Current Prosthetic Technology summarizes the advancements made to date in the field of neuroprosthetics toward the achievement of a bidirectional nerve-machine interface with more focus on sensory feedback. In the Discussion section, the authors propose a hybrid interface technique for achieving better selectivity and long-term stability using the available nerve interfacing techniques.</P>
CR-SDVN: A Cognitive Routing Protocol for Software-Defined Vehicular Networks
Ghafoor, Huma,Koo, Insoo IEEE 2018 IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL Vol.18 No.4
<P>Due to the highly dynamic nature of cognitive vehicular networks, several sporadic links induce a long delay in the network. The selection of a stable route is therefore one of the key design factors to improve overall network stability, thereby reducing the end-to-end delay. Software-defined networking (SDN) is a novel approach that improves network intelligence. To this end, we propose a novel SDN-based routing protocol for cognitive vehicular networks that finds a stable route between source and destination. As this is a cognitive routing protocol, spectrum sensing is therefore the primary task of this algorithm to improve network stability by keeping primary user activity safe. We apply a belief propagation algorithm for channel selection. This is an SDN-based vehicular communications scheme where two nodes can only communicate when they have consensus about a common idle channel. The protocol has two phases: the registering phase and the route prediction phase. The SDN main controller (MC) is responsible for a global view of the network, whereas several local controllers (LCs) are responsible for localized global views of the network. This layering of controllers into two kinds (MC and LCs) improves the network performance in terms of end-to-end delay, high delivery ratio, and low overhead. We prove this in our simulation results by comparing our proposed scheme with two existing schemes (one with, and another without, SDN).</P>
Kashif Ghafoor,Yong Hee Choi 한국산업식품공학회 2009 산업 식품공학 Vol.13 No.1
Central composite design was applied for the ultrasound-assisted extraction from peel and seed of Campbell Early grapes and the extraction processes were optimized for the antiradical activities of the extracts by using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were 53.45% of ethanol concentration, 45.99oC of extraction temperature and 23.93 min of extraction time for the maximum antiradical activity of grape peel extract (54.98%) and 53.14% of ethanol 56.03oC of temperature and 29.03 min of time for maximum antiradical activity of grape seed extract (90.60%).
( Kashif Ghafoor ),( Yong Hee Choi ) 한국산업식품공학회 2009 산업 식품공학 Vol.13 No.1
Central composite design was applied for the ultrasound-assisted extraction from peel and seed of Campbell Early grapes and the extraction processes were optimized for the antiradical activities of the extracts by using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were 53.45% of ethanol concentration, 45.99℃ of extraction temperature and 23.93 min of extraction time for the maximum antiradical activity of grape peel extract (54.98%) and 53.14% of ethanol 56.03℃ of temperature and 29.03 min of time for maximum antiradical activity of grape seed extract (90.60%).
Kashif Ghafoor,Ji Eun Jung,Yong Hee Choi 한국식품과학회 2008 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.17 No.1
The effect of gellan (GE), xanthan (XA), and λ-carrageenan (LC) on the viscosity, sedimentation, ellagic acid content, and turbidity of grape ‘Campbell Early’ juice (CEJ) was investigated. CEJ samples with 0.15% each of GE, XA, and LC were tested for the above variables after 0, 5, 10, and 20 days of storage. The samples containing GE (0.15%) showed the least amount of sediment formation, the lowest ellagic acid content and turbidity, and a rise in viscosity. Sedimentation in CEJ decreased with increased viscosity due to the addition of gums which also limited the ellagic acid content and turbidity. GE was the most effective additive for the stabilization of CEJ.