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Bacterial Logic Devices Reveal Unexpected Behavior of Frameshift Suppressor tRNAs
Sawyer, Eric M.,Barta, Cody,Clemente, Romina,Conn, Michel,Davis, Clif,Doyle, Catherine,Gearing, Mary,Ho-Shing, Olivia,Mooney, Alyndria,Morton, Jerrad,Punjabi, Shamita,Schnoor, Ashley,Sun, Siya,Suresh, Korean Society for Bioinformatics 2012 Interdisciplinary Bio Central (IBC) Vol.4 No.3
Introduction: We investigated frameshift suppressor tRNAs previously reported to use five-base anticodon-codon interactions in order to provide a collection of frameshift suppressor tRNAs to the synthetic biology community and to develop modular frameshift suppressor logic devices for use in synthetic biology applications. Results and Discussion: We adapted eleven previously described frameshift suppressor tRNAs to the BioBrick cloning format, and built three genetic logic circuits to detect frameshift suppression. The three circuits employed three different mechanisms: direct frameshift suppression of reporter gene mutations, frameshift suppression leading to positive feedback via quorum sensing, and enzymatic amplification of frameshift suppression signals. In the course of testing frameshift suppressor logic, we uncovered unexpected behavior in the frameshift suppressor tRNAs. The results led us to posit a four-base binding hypothesis for the frameshift suppressor tRNA interactions with mRNA as an alternative to the published five-base binding model. Conclusion and Prospects: The published five-base anticodon/codon rule explained only 17 of the 58 frameshift suppression experiments we conducted. Our deduced four-base binding rule successfully explained 56 out of our 58 frameshift suppression results. In the process of applying biological knowledge about frameshift suppressor tRNAs to the engineering application of frameshift suppressor logic, we discovered new biological knowledge. This knowledge leads to a redesign of the original engineering application and encourages new ones. Our study reinforces the concept that synthetic biology is often a winding path from science to engineering and back again; scientific investigations spark engineering applications, the implementation of which suggests new scientific investigations.
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Employment Relations Ideologies and Cooperative Partnership Approaches to Bargaining
Ian McAndrew,Fiona Edgar,Alan Geare,Matt Ballard 한국고용노사관계학회 2010 産業關係硏究 Vol.20 No.1
Workplace partnerships are likely to be influenced by a variety of factors. For example, since 2000 legislation in New Zealand has encouraged unions and management to work together. Research also suggests managerial values and beliefs about employment relations is a factor with the potential to influence workplace partnership behavior, and so too is past experience. These factors are not mutually exclusive. This exploratory study examines some of these relationships. In doing so it makes an assessment of the ideological orientations of a group of employers in New Zealand and explores how these relate to their attitudes and actual behaviours associated with cooperative partnerships with unions. We find a difference to exist between attitudes held by managers and their actual bargaining behaviours. Illustrative of this pragmatism is that employers keep the union at a distance when that is perceived to be in the best interests of protecting the organisation and managerial prerogatives, but co-operate with the union when ‘enlightened self interest’ suggests that is the way to best serve management’s needs. We suggest one possible explanation for this difference is that pragmatism is more dominant in guiding behavior than is ideology.
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