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Furth, Priscilla A,Cabrera, M Carla,Dí,az-Cruz, Edgar S,Millman, Sarah,Nakles, Rebecca E New York Academy of Sciences 2011 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol.1229 No.1
<P>Aberrations in estrogen signaling increase breast cancer risk. Molecular mechanisms that impact breast cancer initiation, promotion, and progression can be investigated using genetically engineered mouse models. Increasing estrogen receptor alpha (ER관) expression levels twofold is sufficient to initiate and promote breast cancer progression. Initiation and promotion can be increased by p53 haploinsufficiency and by coexpressing the nuclear coactivators amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) or the splice variant AIB1??3. Progression to invasive cancer is found with coexpression of these nuclear coactivators as well as following a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Loss of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a reduces the prevalence of initiation and promotion but does not protect from invasive cancer development. Cyclin D1 loss completely interrupts mammary epithelial proliferation and survival when ER관 is overexpressed. Loss of breast cancer gene 1 increases estrogen signaling and cooperates with ER관 overexpression in initiation, promotion, and progression of mammary cancer.</P>
Nakles, R.E.,Kallakury, B.V.S.,Furth, P.A. American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriol 2013 The American journal of pathology Vol.182 No.6
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists have anticancer activity and influence cell differentiation. We examined the impact of the selective PPARγ agonist efatutazone on mammary cancer pathogenesis in a mouse model of BRCA1 mutation. Mice with conditional loss of full-length BRCA1 targeted to mammary epithelial cells in association with germline TP53 insufficiency were treated with efatutazone through the diet starting at age 4 months and were euthanized at age 12 months or when palpable tumor reached 1 cm<SUP>3</SUP>. Although treatment did not reduce percentage of mice developing invasive cancer, it significantly reduced prevalence of noninvasive cancer and total number of cancers per mouse and increased prevalence of well-differentiated cancer subtypes not usually seen in this mouse model. Invasive cancers from controls were uniformly estrogen receptor α negative and undifferentiated, whereas well-differentiated estrogen receptor α-positive papillary invasive cancers appeared in efatutazone-treated mice. Expression levels of phosphorylated AKT and CDK6 were significantly reduced in the cancers developing in efatutazone-treated mice. Efatutazone treatment reduced rates of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and development of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and increased expression levels of the PPARγ target genes Adfp, Fabp4, and Pdhk4 in preneoplastic mammary tissue. Intervention efatutazone treatment in mice with BRCA1 deficiency altered mammary cancer development by promoting development of differentiated invasive cancer and reducing prevalence of noninvasive cancer and preneoplastic disease.