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Transmission Over 1050-km Few-Mode Fiber Based on Bidirectional Distributed Raman Amplification
Esmaeelpour, Mina,Ryf, Roland,Fontaine, Nicolas K.,Haoshuo Chen,Gnauck, Alan H.,Essiambre, Rene-Jean,Toulouse, Jean,Yi Sun,Lingle, Robert IEEE 2016 Journal of Lightwave Technology Vol.34 No.8
<P>We characterize the distributed Raman amplification in a 70-km three spatial-mode few-mode fiber with different pump configurations and demonstrate bidirectional pumped Raman amplification and 1050 km combined wavelength-division and spatial-division multiplexed transmission in the same fiber with a zero net gain fiber span.</P>
Evaluating Direct Costs of Gastric Cancer Treatment in Iran - Case Study in Kerman City in 2015
Izadi, Azar,Sirizi, Mohammad Jaffari,Esmaeelpour, Safa,Barouni, Mohsen Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.6
Background: Gastrointestinal cancers are common malignancies associated with high mortality rates. Healthcare systems are always faced with high costs of treatment of gastrointestinal cancers including stomach cancer. Identification and prioritization of these costs can help determine economic burden and then improve of health planning by policy-makers. This study was performed in 2015 in Kerman City aimed at estimating the direct hospital costs for patients with gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the medical records of 160 patients with stomach cancer admitted from 2011 to 2014 to Shafa Hospital were examined, the current stage of the disease and the patients' health status were identified, and the direct costs related to the type of treatment in the public and private sectors were calculated. SPSS-19 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: Of the patients studied, 103 (65%) were men and 57 (35%) were women. The mean age of patients was 65 years. Distribution into four stages of the disease was 5%, 20%, 30%, and 45%, respectively. Direct costs in four stages of the disease were calculated as 2191.07, 2642.93, 2877, and 2674.07 USD (63,045,879, 76,047,934, 82,783,019, and 76,943,800 IRR), respectively. The highest percentage of costs was related to surgery in Stage I and to medication in Stages II, III, and IV. According to the results of direct costs of treatment for stomach cancer in Kerman, the mean total cost of treating a patient in the public sector was estimated at 74,705,158 IRR, of which averages of 60,141,384 IRR and 14,563,774 IRR were the shares of insurance and patients, respectively. Conclusions: The high prevalence and diagnosis of disease in old age and at advanced stages of disease impose great costs on the patients and the health system. Early diagnosis through screening and selecting an appropriate treatment method might largely ameliorate the economic burden of the disease.
Mode-multiplexed transmission over conventional graded-index multimode fibers.
Ryf, R,Fontaine, N K,Chen, H,Guan, B,Huang, B,Esmaeelpour, M,Gnauck, A H,Randel, S,Yoo, S J B,Koonen, A M J,Shubochkin, R,Sun, Y,Lingle, R Optical Society of America 2015 Optics express Vol.23 No.1
<P>We present experimental results for combined mode-multiplexed and wavelength multiplexed transmission over conventional graded-index multimode fibers. We use mode-selective photonic lanterns as mode couplers to precisely excite a subset of the modes of the multimode fiber and additionally to compensate for the differential group delay between the excited modes. Spatial mode filters are added to suppress undesired higher order modes. We transmit 30-Gbaud QPSK signals over 60 WDM channels, 3 spatial modes, and 2 polarizations, reaching a distance of 310 km based on a 44.3 km long span. We also report about transmission experiments over 6 spatial modes for a 17-km single-span experiment. The results indicate that multimode fibers support scalable mode-division multiplexing approaches, where modes can be added over time if desired. Also the results indicate that mode-multiplexed transmission distance over 300 km are possible in conventional multimode fibers.</P>
Wavelength-selective switch with direct few mode fiber integration.
Marom, D M,Dunayevsky, J,Sinefeld, D,Blau, M,Ryf, R,Fontaine, N K,Montoliu, M,Randel, S,Liu, C,Ercan, B,Esmaeelpour, M,Chandrasekhar, S,Gnauck, A H,Leon-Saval, S G,Bland-Hawthorn, J,Salazar-Gil, J R,S Optical Society of America 2015 Optics express Vol.23 No.5
<P>The first realization of a wavelength-selective switch (WSS) with direct integration of few mode fibers (FMF) is fully described. The free-space optics FMF-WSS dynamically steers spectral information-bearing beams containing three spatial modes from an input port to one of nine output ports using a phase spatial light modulator. Sources of mode dependent losses (MDL) are identified, analytically analyzed and experimentally confirmed on account of different modal sensitivities to fiber coupling in imperfect imaging and at spectral channel edges due to mode clipping. These performance impacting effects can be reduced by adhering to provided design guidelines, which scale in support of higher spatial mode counts. The effect on data transmission of cascaded passband filtering and MDL build-up is experimentally investigated in detail.</P>