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      • Shopping Mall Motivation: Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Approach

        Dahari, Zainurin Kyung Hee University Management Research Institute 2020 Asia pacific journal of business review Vol.4 No.2

        The purpose of this research is to investigate young consumer motivation in regards to shopping mall. Young adults are an emerging age group that has economic autonomy and power of making independent decisions. In addition, this young segment providing an interesting challenges and opportunities for marketing professionals. Therefore, it is pertinent to analyse their shopping motivations, so that the marketers can understand and influence the consumption behaviour of this specific group. A survey using self-administered questionnaire was conducted to assess the mall-directed shopping habits and shopping orientations. A total of 164 usable surveys were obtained. In addition of exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was applied to prove the hypotheses. We have found that young Australian shoppers were motivated to visit malls primarily by the role enactment and exploration dimensions. They were the strongest motivators which explaining why young Australian consumers patronize malls. Young consumers of Australia enjoyed the mall environment, exploring new things, socializing with friends, comparing prices and the variety of products and services offered. The results of our study have several implications that should be of benefit to the retailing industry and mall management. Developers of malls must develop their mall more than simply a place for buying products. As such, mall management should make sure that their mall atmospherics offer a mall environment that is pleasing to multiple senses, to ensure it is conducive for shoppers to stay and spend more of their time and money. Mall management must execute strategies to maintain their attraction to younger consumers, perhaps by including stores that are futuristic and offer the most advanced styles or technologies, and appeal to somewhat older adults by offering the tenant, entertainment, and experience mix they will prefer. It is recommended that future research utilize random sampling methods to ensure the generalizability of results.

      • Key Success Factors of Home-Based Business among Female Entrepreneur in Saudi Arabia

        bin Dahari, Zainurin,Abu Bakar, Abdul Rahim,Al-Gosaibi, Sahar Kyung Hee University Management Research Institute 2019 Asia pacific journal of business review Vol.3 No.2

        Home-based business (HBB) is one of the fastest growing form of business start-ups where the business is conducted from home. In develop economies, the HBB industry is an engine for economic growth that has proven its viability through significant contribution to the national GDP. In view of its importance, the Saudi Ministry of Commerce and Industry encourage local women to start and develop their own HBB as it gives them the flexibility while still contributing to the national economy. Although various initiatives have been taken place, little information is available about Saudi HBB. This study therefore aims to determine the factors that contribute to the growth as well as the challenges of female HBB in Saudi Arabia. The study was based on qualitative approach which adopted an in-depth interview with eleven Saudi females who run HBB. The findings revealed that HBB contributing factors comprised of access to funding, sufficiency of savings and the influence of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in starting the business. Meanwhile, the obstacles are government regulations and policies, culture, and home design. The study recommendations include improving banks and service institution policy and procedures to enable HBB to have access to funding and services and to develop legal policies to protect the right of the HBB operator and customers. Finally, the study also suggests future research on managerial factors that can contribute to HBB female success, the stress coping mechanism of HBB and the factors contributing to the difference between HBB in growth strategies.

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        Studies of Atmospheric PM2.5 and its Inorganic Water Soluble Ions and Trace Elements around Southeast Asia: a Review

        Nadhira Dahari,Khalida Muda,Mohd Talib Latif,Norelyza Hussein 한국기상학회 2021 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.57 No.2

        Air pollution is a worldwide issue that is mainly caused from excessive inhalation of hazardous PM2.5 pollutant that is emitted into the air. The objective of this study is to assess the fundamental knowledge revolving PM2.5 (particles aerodynamic diameter of lower than or equal to 2.5 μm) and its inorganic composition in ambient air of urban areas, mainly in Malaysia in comparison to other Southeast Asia countries. This research also investigates the theory of particle number concentration (PNC) with PM2.5, also the health effects and origins of the emissions. The factors affecting the PM2.5 mass include the local emission, El Nino phenomenon, land, meteorological effects, monsoons, rainfall events, sea breeze, transboundary pollution and seasonal changes. 24 h mean PM2.5 mass concentration for metropolitan regions in the SEA is in the range of 11 μgm−3 and 72.3 μgm−3, while between 5.30 μgm−3 and 55.89 μgm−3 for semi-urban zones. For rural area, the 24 h mean PM2.5 value is about 30 μgm−3. The findings indicate that metals inPM2.5 emission are frequently Pb, Se, Zn, Cd, As, Bi, Ba, Cu, Rb, V, Ni, Fe, Ca, Mn, Cr, Al, Si and K, where Zn has the uppermost range of 133.50 to 419.30 ngm−3 while the major water-soluble ions exist are NH4 +, K+, Ca2+, Na+, inwhichNa+, NH4 + and Cl- are present in aged sea salt and mixed industrial, Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in mineral dust, NH4 +, K+ and SO4 2− present in mixture of SIA and biomass burning. There is a high correlation between the particle mass concentration and PNC level, especially the ones in accumulation mode (PNC0.1–1.0) which are mostly originated from the emission of heavy traffic streets.

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