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Alfredo Colombo,Concetta Maria Porretto 소화기인터벤션의학회 2024 International journal of gastrointestinal interven Vol.13 No.1
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies, and most patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease at first presentation. However, immunotherapy is particularly useful only in a limited number of patients with mismatch repair-deficient/high microsatellite instability metastatic CRC (mCRC), while most patients have proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)/microsatellite stability (MSS). Currently, many clinical research on immunotherapy in association with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are aiming to modulate the immune microenvironment of pMMR/MSS mCRC and turn “cold tumors” into “hot tumors,” which has not only unanticipated implications, but also good results. Some consequences include that the response may not be selective for metastases. This review summarizes recent studies on potential mechanisms of immunotherapy combined with local therapy (including radiotherapy, ablation, and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization) in the treatment of metastases.
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor in colorectal cancer: A review
Alfredo Colombo,Concetta Maria Porretto 소화기인터벤션의학회 2023 International journal of gastrointestinal interven Vol.12 No.3
In recent years, the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has dramatically changed thanks to the advent of new drugs called molecular targeted therapies such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) and anti-epidermal growth factor (anti-EGFR). Bevacizumab, aflibercept and ramucirumab which belong to the first category, have been used for many years in clinical practice, achieving improvements in progression- free survival and overall survival in many phase III trials. These agents act by blocking the growth of the tumor vascular bed via the inhibition of neoangiogenesis. This review summarizes all available data in the literature on bevacizumab, aflibercept, and ramucirumab and describes their use in the continuum of care of mCRC.