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Histopathology and Ultrastructural Findings of Fatal COVID-19 Infections on Testis
Achua Justin K.,Chu Kevin Y.,Ibrahim Emad,Khodamoradi Kajal,Delma Katiana S.,Iakymenko Oleksii A.,Kryvenko Oleksandr N.,Arora Himanshu,Ramasamy Ranjith 대한남성과학회 2021 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.39 No.1
Purpose: To evaluate the presence and analyze the pathological changes within the testes of patients who died or recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) complications. Materials and Methods: Testis tissue was collected from autopsies of COVID-19 positive (n=6) and negative men (n=3). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and subjected to immunofluorescence for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) expression. Fluorescent-labeled tissue slides were imaged on a quantitative pathology scope with various zoom levels allowing for qualitative and quantitative interpretation. Tissue from four COVID- 19 positive autopsy cases and a live seroconverted patient was imaged with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: H&E histomorphology showed three of the six COVID-19 biopsies had normal spermatogenesis while the remaining three had impaired spermatogenesis. TEM showed the COVID-19 virus in testis tissue of one COVID-19 positive autopsy case and the live biopsy, H&E stain on the same autopsy case demonstrated interstitial macrophage and leukocyte infiltration. Immunofluorescent stained slides from six COVID-19 positive men demonstrated a direct association between increased quantitative ACE-2 levels and impairment of spermatogenesis. Conclusions: The novel COVID-19 has an affinity for ACE-2 receptors. Since ACE-2 receptor expression is high in the testes, we hypothesized that COVID-19 is prevalent in testes tissue of infected patients. This study suggests the male reproductive tract, specifically the testes, may be targets of COVID-19 infection. We found an inverse association between ACE-2 receptor levels and spermatogenesis, suggesting a possible mechanism of how COVID-19 can cause infertility.
Li, Chang-Zhi,Chueh, Chu-Chen,Yip, Hin-Lap,O'Malley, Kevin M.,Chen, Wen-Chang,Jen, Alex K.-Y. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.22 No.17
<P>Two methanol-soluble fullerene surfactants have been developed as interfacial layers for cathodes in polymer solar cells. These surfactants facilitate the tuning of cathode work function and extraction of electrons that significantly enhance open-circuit voltage and photocurrent generation. The performance of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on using these surfactant-modified cathodes improved significantly to afford high power conversion efficiencies (as high as 6.63% for a Ag cathode).</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Methanol-soluble fullerene surfactants as interfacial layers for cathodes in polymer solar cells afforded a high PCE of 6.63% for a Ag cathode. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2jm30755c'> </P>