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Lead Poisoning: Historical Aspects of a Paradigmatic "Occupational and Environmental Disease"
Riva, Michele Augusto,Lafranconi, Alessandra,D'orso, Marco Italo,Cesana, Giancarlo Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2012 Safety and health at work Vol.3 No.1
Lead poisoning is one of the earliest identified and most known occupational disease. Its acute effects have been recognized from antiquity when this condition principally afflicted manual workers and slaves, actually scarcely considered by the medicine of that time. The Industrial Revolution caused an epidemic of metal intoxication, urging scientists and physician of that period to study and identify specific symptoms and organ alterations related to chronic lead poisoning. During the 20th century, the acknowledgment of occupational and environmental toxicity of lead fostered public awareness and legislation to protect health. More recently, the identification of sub-clinical effects have greatly modified the concept of lead poisoning and the approaches of medicine towards this condition. Nowadays, lead poisoning is rarely seen in developed countries, but it still represents a major environmental problem in certain areas. Consequently, it may appear as a paradigm of "occupational and environmental disease," and the history of this condition seems to parallel the historical development of modern "Occupational and Environmental Health" as a more complete medical discipline.
Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam
ICARUS Collaboration,Antonello, M.,Aprili, P.,Baiboussinov, B.,Baldo Ceolin, M.,Benetti, P.,Calligarich, E.,Canci, N.,Centro, S.,Cesana, A.,Cieslik, K.,Cline, D.B.,Cocco, A.G.,Dabrowska, A.,Dequal, D. North-Holland Pub. Co 2012 Physics letters: B Vol.713 No.1
At the end of the 2011 run, the CERN CNGS neutrino beam has been briefly operated in lower intensity mode with ∼10<SUP>12</SUP> p.o.t./pulse and with a proton beam structure made of four LHC-like extractions, each with a narrow width of ∼3 ns, separated by 524 ns. This very tightly bunched beam allowed a very accurate time-of-flight measurement of neutrinos from CERN to LNGS on an event-by-event basis. The ICARUS T600 detector (CNGS2) has collected 7 beam-associated events, consistent with the CNGS collected neutrino flux of 2.2x10<SUP>16</SUP> p.o.t. and in agreement with the well-known characteristics of neutrino events in the LAr-TPC. The time of flight difference between the speed of light and the arriving neutrino LAr-TPC events has been analysed. The result δt=0.3+/-4.9(stat.)+/-9.0(syst.) ns is compatible with the simultaneous arrival of all events with speed equal to that of light. This is in a striking difference with the reported result of OPERA (OPERA Collaboration, 2011) [1] claiming that high energy neutrinos from CERN arrive at LNGS ∼60 ns earlier than expected from luminal speed.