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Buchon, Nicolas,Poidevin, Mickael,Kwon, Hyun-Mi,Guillou, Auré,lien,Sottas, Valentin,Lee, Bok-Luel,Lemaitre, Bruno National Academy of Sciences 2009 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.106 No.30
<P>The Drosophila Toll receptor does not interact directly with microbial determinants, but is instead activated by a cleaved form of the cytokine-like molecule Spätzle. During the immune response, Spätzle is processed by complex cascades of serine proteases, which are activated by secreted pattern-recognition receptors. Here, we demonstrate the essential role of ModSP, a modular serine protease, in the activation of the Toll pathway by gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Our analysis shows that ModSP integrates signals originating from the circulating recognition molecules GNBP3 and PGRP-SA and connects them to the Grass-SPE-Spätzle extracellular pathway upstream of the Toll receptor. It also reveals the conserved role of modular serine proteases in the activation of insect immune reactions.</P>
Control of Carbon Nanotube Growth Directions via Electric Fields within a DC Plasma Sheath
( Joseph F. Au Buchon ),( Li Han Chen ),( Sung Ho Jin ) 대한금속재료학회 ( 구 대한금속학회 ) 2005 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.1 No.1
Accurate control of the growth direction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated. The CNT growth in a dc plasma enhanced CVD process is guided by the directions of the electric field inside of the plasma sheath. By careful control of the cathode geometry utilizing movable conductor plates, the electric field directions can be controlled to allow the growth of CNTs over a large range of angles. Calculated electrostatic field diagrams predict electric field directions which correspond well with experimental growth results, showing that a predictable control over the CNT growth orientations is possible. Such control is an important step toward fabricating CNTs with desired configurations and utilizing them for various technical applications.
Signal Integration by the IκB Protein Pickle Shapes <i>Drosophila</i> Innate Host Defense
Morris, Otto,Liu, Xi,Domingues, Celia,Runchel, Christopher,Chai, Andrea,Basith, Shaherin,Tenev, Tencho,Chen, Haiyang,Choi, Sangdun,Pennetta, Giuseppa,Buchon, Nicolas,Meier, Pascal Cell Press 2016 Cell host & microbe Vol.20 No.3
<▼1><P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Pattern recognition receptors are activated following infection and trigger transcriptional programs important for host defense. Tight regulation of NF-κB activation is critical to avoid detrimental and misbalanced responses. We describe Pickle, a <I>Drosophila</I> nuclear IκB that integrates signaling inputs from both the Imd and Toll pathways by skewing the transcriptional output of the NF-κB dimer repertoire. Pickle interacts with the NF-κB protein Relish and the histone deacetylase dHDAC1, selectively repressing Relish homodimers while leaving other NF-κB dimer combinations unscathed. Pickle’s ability to selectively inhibit Relish homodimer activity contributes to proper host immunity and organismal health. Although loss of <I>pickle</I> results in hyper-induction of Relish target genes and improved host resistance to pathogenic bacteria in the short term, chronic inactivation of <I>pickle</I> causes loss of immune tolerance and shortened lifespan. Pickle therefore allows balanced immune responses that protect from pathogenic microbes while permitting the establishment of beneficial commensal host-microbe relationships.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>•<P>Pickle selectively inhibits NF-κB target genes that are driven by Relish homodimers</P>•<P>Pickle is a nuclear member of the IκB protein family</P>•<P>Loss of <I>pickle</I> causes hyper-activation of Relish-dependent target genes</P>•<P>Loss of <I>pickle</I> enhances host resistance to bacteria but compromises lifespan</P></P></▼2><▼3><P>Tight regulation of NF-κB signaling is critical to avoid detrimental and misbalanced responses. Morris et al. identify an IκB protein in <I>Drosophila</I> that inhibits a selective subset of the NF-κB dimer repertoire, thereby ensuring an appropriate immune response to pathogens while preventing tissue damage and reduced lifespan.</P></▼3>