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Emerging Market Lending:Is Moral Hazard Endogenous?
Tobias Broer 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2007 Journal of Economic Development Vol.32 No.2
This paper shows how growth in financially open developing countries is affected when relations with international lenders suffer from the danger of moral hazard. We find that if entrepreneurs can gamble with foreign creditors’ money, borrowing under standard debt contracts is constrained by a No-Gambling Condition similar to that in Hellmann, Murdock, and Stiglitz (2000). However, this incentive constraint is endogenous in the development process: growth increases entrepreneurs’ own capital at risk and thus reduces incentives to gamble. But capital accumulation also decreases the profitability of investment, which has the opposite effect. General equilibrium under moral hazard shows a unique and stable steady state, but involves at least temporary rationing of profitable projects and possibly positive net investment by developing countries in international financial markets.
Latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty for bladder acontractility: a systematic review
Forte, Antonio Jorge,Boczar, Daniel,Huayllani, Maria Tereza,Moran, Steven,Okanlami, Oluwaferanmi O.,Ninkovic, Milomir,Broer, Peter N. Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2021 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.48 No.5
Bladder acontractility affects several thousand patients in the United States, but the available therapies are limited. Latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty (LDDM) is a therapeutic option that allows patients with bladder acontractility to void voluntarily. Our goal was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine whether LDDM is a better option than clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) (standard treatment) in patients with bladder acontractility. On January 17, 2020, we conducted a systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Clinical Answers, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, without time frame limitations, to identify articles on the use of LDDM for bladder acontractility. Of 75 potential articles, 4 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The use of LDDM to treat patients with bladder acontractility was reported in four case series by the same group in Europe. Fifty-eight patients were included, and no comparison groups were included. The most common cause of bladder acontractility was spinal cord injury (n=36). The mean (±standard deviation) operative time was 536 (±22) minutes, postoperative length of hospital stay ranged from 10 to 13 days, and follow-up ranged from 9 to 68 months. Most patients had complete response, were able to void voluntarily, and had post-void residual volume less than 100 mL. Although promising outcomes have been obtained, evidence is still weak regarding whether LDDM is better than CIC to avoid impairment of the urinary tract among patients with bladder acontractility. Further prospective studies with control groups are necessary.