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Opening the Heart through Open-Ended Questions : Using Texts for Self-understanding
Mary Hynes-Berry 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2012 Journal of Humanities Therapy Vol.3 No.-
Interactive biblio-poetry therapy, as defined by the National Association for Poetry Therapy and the National Federation for Biblio/Poetry Therapy, has proven itself as a highly effective modality in clinical as well as developmental settings. As described by Hynes & Hynes-Berry, the text used in a session is seen as a catalyst for a facilitated discussion that can support clients/participants in constructing a beneficial understanding of how they might perceive and cope with life’s challenges. The modality is distinct from literary analysis, which tends to focus on taxonomic knowledge about the text as representative of a genre, or as elucidating the author’s perspective. In the interactive form, the goals of the session and interaction are ontological, that is directed towards helping one construct a deeper understanding of what holds spiritual, philosophical, and social-emotional meaning for an individual. Facilitating these interactive sessions call for skilful, purposeful use of questions, including unlocked closed questions, analytical/inferring open questions and synthesizing/evaluating open questions. While constructs such as Bloom’s taxonomy tend to see the different kinds of questions as a hierarchy, with synthesizing/evaluating questions as most desirable and basic level comprehension of the literal meaning as lower level, interactive bibliopoetry therapists need to consider the three levels of questions, as well as other facilitative prompts, as being rungs on a ladder, so that in all stages of the process, the biblio-poetry therapist is moving up, down, and around the levels to help the participants analyse and then synthesize as they move through the four stages of the biblio-poetry therapy process-beginning with recognition, moving on to examination, then to juxtaposition and finally to self-application.
Berry, David,Mader, Esther,Lee, Tae Kwon,Woebken, Dagmar,Wang, Yun,Zhu, Di,Palatinszky, Marton,Schintlmeister, Arno,Schmid, Markus C.,Hanson, Buck T.,Shterzer, Naama,Mizrahi, Itzhak,Rauch, Isabella,De National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.2
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Measuring activity patterns of microbes in their natural environment is essential for understanding ecosystems and the multifaceted interactions of microorganisms with eukaryotes. In this study, we developed a technique that allows fast and nondestructive activity measurements of microbial communities on a single-cell level. Microbial communities were amended with heavy water (D<SUB>2</SUB>O), a treatment that does not change the available substrate pool. After incubation, physiologically active cells are rapidly identified with Raman microspectroscopy by measuring cellular D incorporation. Using this approach, we characterized the activity patterns of two dominant microbes in mouse cecum samples amended with different carbohydrates and discovered previously unidentified bacteria stimulated by mucin and/or glucosamine by combining Raman microspectroscopy and optical tweezer-based sorting.</P><P>Microbial communities are essential to the function of virtually all ecosystems and eukaryotes, including humans. However, it is still a major challenge to identify microbial cells active under natural conditions in complex systems. In this study, we developed a new method to identify and sort active microbes on the single-cell level in complex samples using stable isotope probing with heavy water (D<SUB>2</SUB>O) combined with Raman microspectroscopy. Incorporation of D<SUB>2</SUB>O-derived D into the biomass of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria and archaea could be unambiguously detected via C-D signature peaks in single-cell Raman spectra, and the obtained labeling pattern was confirmed by nanoscale-resolution secondary ion MS. In fast-growing <I>Escherichia coli</I> cells, label detection was already possible after 20 min. For functional analyses of microbial communities, the detection of D incorporation from D<SUB>2</SUB>O in individual microbial cells via Raman microspectroscopy can be directly combined with FISH for the identification of active microbes. Applying this approach to mouse cecal microbiota revealed that the host-compound foragers <I>Akkermansia muciniphila</I> and <I>Bacteroides acidifaciens</I> exhibited distinctive response patterns to amendments of mucin and sugars. By Raman-based cell sorting of active (deuterated) cells with optical tweezers and subsequent multiple displacement amplification and DNA sequencing, novel cecal microbes stimulated by mucin and/or glucosamine were identified, demonstrating the potential of the nondestructive D<SUB>2</SUB>O-Raman approach for targeted sorting of microbial cells with defined functional properties for single-cell genomics.</P>