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Bagal, D.,Park, S. W.,Song, H. J.,Chang, S. Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Chemical communications Vol.53 No.62
<P>Visible light sensitization of benzoyl azides was examined in reaction with N-phenylmethacrylamides to afford biologically important oxindoles and spirooxindoles via a cascade cyclization under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies suggested a non-nitrene pathway, where triplet benzoyl azides act as the reactive intermediate.</P>
Photocatalytic and Sonophotocatalytic degradation of alachlor using different photocatalyst
Bagal, Manisha V.,Gogate, Parag R. Techno-Press 2013 Advances in environmental research Vol.2 No.4
The degradation of alachlor has been investigated using sonolysis (US), photocatalysis (UV) and sonophotocatalysis (US/UV) using three photocatalyst viz. $TiO_2$ (mixture of anatase and rutile), $TiO_2$ (anatase) and ZnO. The effect of photocatalyst loading on the extent of degradation of alachlor has been investigated by varying $TiO_2$ (both types) loading over the range of 0.01 g/L to 0.1 g/L and ZnO loading over the range of 0.05 g/L to 0.3 g/L. The optimum loading of the catalyst was found to be dependent on the type of operation i.e., photocatalysis alone or the combined operation of sonolysis and photocatalysis. All the combined processes gave complete degradation of alachlor with maximum rate of degradation being obtained in the case of sonophotocatalytic process also showing synergistic effect at optimized loading of photocatalyst. About 50% to 60% reduction in TOC has been obtained using the combined process of sonophotocatalysis depending on the operating conditions. The alachlor degradation fitted first order kinetics for all the processes under investigation. It has been observed that the $TiO_2$ (mixtrure of anatase and rutile) is the most active photocatalyst among the three photocatalysts studied in the current work. The effect of addition of radical enhancers and scavengers on sonophotocatalytic degradation of alachlor has been investigated in order to decipher the controlling mechanism. The alachlor degradation products have been identified using LC-MS method.
Local Government: Policy for Effective COVID-19 Disaster Response
Sarmila Bagale 아시아사회과학학회 2021 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.2 No.3
This paper explores the role of Local Governments (LGs) for effective response to fight the (COVID-19) pandemic in Nepal. The outbreak of COVID-19 from Wuhan, China, has detached millions of population from their regular activities; and now Nepal is also getting its effects. The Government of Nepal has developed the specialised hospitals across the country, which helps fight the viral effect in time. Now, 753 local governments units are in close association with the local people to deliver the services. In that situation, this paper attempts to investigate factors that the government mechanism has to build up institutional capability by mobilizing all resources for mitigating the hazardous effects of COVID-19 at local levels. For this purpose, empirical studies in Tokha and Lumbini Sanskritik Municipality are undertaken. The result shows that LGs are capable to respond the disaster if they get positive coordination and collaboration with the Federal and Provincial Governments. In addition, strengthening the local government in the present context to face the challenges of corona pandemic is an academic concern of this paper.
Changing Political Context: Internal and External Dimensions of National Security of Nepal
Sarmila Bagale 아시아사회과학학회 2021 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.4 No.1
This article explores about the numerous security challenges faced by small and landlocked states which are harmful for peace, prosperity and development. Small and landlocked countries in the world are experiencing different security challenges at present in the backdrop of different political power in different ways. The national security in twenty first century is meant for peace, prosperity and development. In the changing dynamics of Nepal, the security issue has been a major concern for political stability and international relations. Though the security issue has a very long history, since the beginning of human civilization it was important, its goal is not ended yet. Nonetheless, the internal and external dynamics of national security have been shifted in the changing contexts of regional, and global political power. It has different meaning in different contexts of political regime. There has been paradigm shift in the interpretation of security concerns of each member state of the United Nations. The classical ago-based state centric security is transferred into human centric approach for peace, stability and development. Contrary the small and landlocked states are always in threat in different ways which is undoubtedly different things to different people. The sense of national security in the academia involves mitigation of physical threat and psychological fear. As a result, the cherished values collapsed and affect the conditions of peace, stability and development.
Waseem, Aadil,Johar, Muhammad Ali,Hassan, Mostafa Afifi,Bagal, Indrajit V.,Ha, Jun-Seok,Lee, June Key,Ryu, Sang-Wan Elsevier 2019 Nano energy Vol.60 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>GaN/V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> core-shell nanowire (NW) piezoelectric generators of controlled crystallographic orientations were fabricated, and the device performance was characterized. Catalyst-assisted c- and m-axis GaN NWs were grown on a c-plane GaN thin film by varying the NH<SUB>3</SUB> flow rate and reactor pressure. The grown NWs were then utilized to fabricate the flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PNGs) to practically investigate the impact of the c- and m-axis GaN NWs on the piezoelectric response. The c-axis GaN NWs exhibited a higher piezoelectric output than m-axis GaN NWs. Furthermore, the GaN/V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> core-shell structure was utilized in the NWs to suppress the internal carrier screening that degrades the piezoelectric output. The maximum output voltage (27 V) exhibited by core-shell c-axis NWs was thrice the voltage exhibited by pristine c-axis GaN NWs (9 V). A stability test was performed for one hour to verify the feasibility of using flexible PNGs for real applications. The high stability of PNGs was attributed to the flexibility and high crystallinity of the NWs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> C- & m-axis GaN NWs are grown by MOCVD for piezoelectric generators. </LI> <LI> The piezoelectric output for pristine c-axis NWs is twice the output of m-axis NWs. </LI> <LI> The piezoelectric output of the GaN/V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> core-shell NWs is three times of pristine NWs. </LI> <LI> PNGs exhibited long-term stability due to excellent mechanical properties of NWs. </LI> <LI> GaN/V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> heterojunction suppressed the junction current screening effect. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>GaN/V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> core-shell nanowire (NW) piezoelectric generators of controlled crystallographic orientations are reported. Catalyst-assisted c- and m-axis GaN NWs grown by MOCVD are utilized to fabricate the flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators to investigate the impact of the c- and m-axis GaN NWs on the piezoelectric response. The c-axis GaN NWs exhibited the higher piezoelectric output than m-axis GaN NWs. The GaN/V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB> core-shell structure is utilized in the NWs which further enhanced the output voltage to 27 V and output current to 590 nA.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>