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- 저자 : Anthony d’Apice (검색결과 2 건)
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Using Porcine Embryonic Stem Cells to Advance Xenotransplantation to the Clinic
Mark Nottle,Ivan M Vassiliev,Sharon Harrison,Stephen McIlfatrick,Wayne Hawthorne,Philip O’Connell,Peter Cowan,Anthony d’Apice 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2011 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.1
Pig‐to‐human transplantation (xenotransplantation) is currently the most advanced approach to solving the increasing demand for human organs and tissues. However, two critical requirements must be addressed before xenotransplantation can be considered for clinical application. First, the level of immunosuppression required to maintain xenografts must be equivalent to (or less than) that used in allotransplantation. It is now evident that multiple genetic modifications of the donor pig will be needed to achieve this goal (d’Apice et al. 2002 Transplant Proceedings. 33: 3053‐3054). These include gene knockouts (e.g. of the GalT gene, responsible for synthesis of the major porcine xenoantigen) and gene addition by transgenesis. Progress has been hindered by the current technology, which allows only a single cycle of genetic modification per generation and therefore necessitates large and complex breeding programs. Second, donor pigs should have defined, relatively homogeneous genotypes including the inability to produce endogenous retroviruses (PERV) that may infect human recipients. Inbred miniature swine are best suited in this regard but are difficult to genetically manipulate due to poor reproductive capacity. What is critically needed to advance xenotransplantation to the clinic is the ability to perform multiple cycles of genetic modifications per generation on the background of choice. We have recently made an important step towards this goal by developing a novel method for the isolation of porcine embryonic stem cells (ESC) (Vassiliev et al. 2010 Cellular Reprogramming 12: 223‐230). These cells can be stably grown for at least 150 population doublings, dramatically increasing the window for introducing multiple genetic modifications before the cells are used to clone pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Furthermore we have used this method to isolate ESCs from cloned embryos (Vassiliev et al 2011 Cellular Reprogramming 13: 205‐213) which allows us to isolate ESCs directly from breeds of pigs specifically bred for xenotransplantation. Together these advances will accelerate xenotransplantation research to the clinic.
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Generation of Soluble Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor 1-Fc Transgenic Pig
Cho, Bumrae,Koo, Ok Jae,Hwang, Jong-Ik,Kim, Hwajung,Lee, Eun Mi,Hurh, Sunghoon,Park, Sol Ji,Ro, Han,Yang, Jaeseok,Surh, Charles D.,d’Apice, Anthony J.,Lee, Byeong Chun,Ahn, Curie Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2011 Transplantation Vol.92 No.2
BACKGROUND.: Acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR) is an important barrier to xenograft survival. Human tumor necrosis factor-α (hTNF-α) is one of the essential mediators of AHXR and induces activation of porcine endothelial cells (PECs), resulting in upregulation of major histocompatibility complex molecules, adhesion molecules, and proinflammatory chemokines. We investigated whether introduction of a soluble human tumor necrosis factor receptor I-Fc (shTNFRI-Fc) fusion gene can suppress activation of PECs and, more importantly, produced shTNFRI-Fc transgenic pigs. METHODS.: The shTNFRI-Fc gene expression vector was constructed and inserted into PECs. The inhibitory effects of shTNFRI-Fc were tested by luciferase assay, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry. A shTNFRI-Fc transgenic pig was generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer. The expression of shTNFRI-Fc in the transgenic pig was evaluated by PCR, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. The inhibitory effects of shTNFRI-Fc in the serum obtained from the transgenic pig were also tested. RESULTS.: In comparison with control green fluorescent protein, shTNFRI-Fc protein showed much stronger inhibitory effects on NF-&kgr;B activation in the HEK293-NF-&kgr;B-luciferase reporting cell line, expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules in PECs, and TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity. We successfully generated shTNFRI-Fc transgenic pig. Sera obtained from the transgenic pig inhibited induction of chemokines, and E-selectin in PECs stimulated with Human TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS.: We have generated transgenic pigs producing shTNFRI-Fc protein that can inhibit TNF-α-mediated activation of PECs. Because TNF-α is an important mediator of xenograft rejection, the use of xenografts that can produce shTNFRI-Fc proteins de novo could be an effective approach in overcoming a considerable component of the xenograft rejection process, especially AHXR.
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