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Anming Wang,Fangkai Zhang,Feifei Chen,Meizhang Wang,Haifeng Li,Zhaowu Zeng,Tian Xie,Zhenming Chen 한국화학공학회 2011 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.28 No.4
To obtain robust and thermo-stable enzyme aggregates, p-benzoquinone was used as cross-linker and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as crowding macromolecules to prepare cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of lipase. Effects of cross-linking time and cross-linker content on the activity, thermal stability and characteristics of enzyme aggregates were examined carefully. It was observed that when the content of p_benzoquinone was 5 mM and amount of BSA was 125% of that of lipase (w/w), the specific activity of cross-linked co-aggregates of lipase and BSA was 79.8 U mg^−1, 2.44-fold of that of cross-linked enzyme aggregates of lipase without BSA. Moreover, after heat treatment for 96 h at 50℃ , the CLEAs prepared with this facile routine kept 75.18% of their initial activity, 5.01-fold more than that of the just CLEAs using glutaraldehyde. Furthermore, BSA macromolecules in lipase CLEAs enhanced the catalytic efficiency of free and just lipase CLEAs without BSA by 1.45 and 2.83 times, respectively. The proposed crosslinking technique would rank among the potential strategies for efficiently preparing robust and thermo-stable enzyme aggregates.
PORT PRICING IN A CONGESTIBLE INTERMODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Andrew Yuen,Anming Zhang 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2007 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2007 No.3
This paper examines the price decisions of an intermodal transport system that consists of two congestible facilities, namely, a port and a highway, each of which is operated by an independent regional jurisdiction. Each facility in this intermodal transport system serves its own local traffic as well as the common transit traffic. We investigate port pricing in a two-stage model where facility charges are chosen independently by the jurisdictions in the first stage, and then in the second stage, oligopoly shipping liners (‘carriers’) at the port compete in Cournot fashion. We find that first, congestion costs incurred by transit users are internalized by both the facility operators and downstream carriers, but the ‘market distortion’ due to carriers’ exploitation of market power with respect to transit traffic is actually strengthened. Second, in the profit-maximizing case, the port strengthens the downstream market power in the local market and vertical externalities exist in port pricing. Third, the inter-governmental cooperation resolves the socially inefficient outcome of the non-cooperative pricing. Specifically, congestion costs incurred by local users of the other region have been taken into account in local facility charges, while the ‘double marginalization’ problem in the transit market is also eliminated.
Unilater Greenhouse Gas Regulation and the Aviation Industry
Andrew C.L. Yuen,Anming Zhang 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2009 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.11
This paper analytically examines the effects of unilateral greenhouse gas(GHG) regulation on the aviation industry and global GHG emissions. Our results suggest that such regulation may lead to and increased in aviation fees charged by the implementing country. The increased fees may weaken the competitiveness of its domestic airlines, resulting in a decline in he connecting flights between the domestic hub and spoke airports, while an increase in the foreign connecting flights. Taken together, these effects might actually lead to an increase in the total (global) GHG emissions, The conditions for this somewhat counter-intuitive result to arise are identified. The analysis suggests the importance of adopting a global approach towards aviation GHG emissions. Finally, the effects of implementing the Kyoto Protocol in the aviation industry are examined.