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Human Cloning Revisited : Ethical Debate in the Technological Worldview
Altshuler, Roman Ewha Institute for Biomedical Law & Ethics 2009 BIOMEDICAL LAW & ETHICS Vol.3 No.2
Like many controversies about new technologies, debates over the ethics of reproductive cloning are divided between utopian (pro-cloning) and dystopian (anti-cloning) approaches. The former see the rise of cloning a simple case of technological progress, backed up by an insistence on respect for reproductive rights; the latter argue that the possibility of human cloning threatens individuality and raises the danger of turning human beings into mass-produced commodities. I evaluate these debates through a Heideggerian reading, arguing that the dystopian position falls prey to the typical setbacks confronting humanism, while setting the entire controversy within the assumption - shared to some extent by both sides - that the humanity of human beings is reducible to their physical nature. Utopian arguments either defend their position on ethical grounds, which conflict with this basic presupposition, or simply reject the relevance of ethical debate to what are largely questions of progress driven by market forces. Dystopian arguments, by contrast, tend to defend human uniqueness and dignity, but these attempts are undermined by the underlying assumption that humanity is directly shaped by its biology, so that a proliferation of cloning will inevitably change the human world into a posthuman one. I argue that given this assumption as the guiding framework within which the controversy takes place, no genuine ethical debate is possible; both sides, by reducing humanity to biology, undermine the grounds of ethical discourse. I conclude that the condition of possibility for an ethical debate over cloning requires an understanding of the human that does not reduce the essence of humanity to physical nature, allowing for a confrontation with the essence of technology rather than one fully circumscribed by its limits.
Weerasinghe, Sujith V. W.,Ku, Nam-On,Altshuler, Peter J.,Kwan, Raymond,Omary, M. Bishr The Company of Biologists Ltd. 2014 Journal of cell science Vol.127 No.7
<P>Keratin 18 (K18 or KRT18) undergoes caspase-mediated cleavage during apoptosis, the significance of which is poorly understood. Here, we mutated the two caspase-cleavage sites (D238E and D397E) in K18 (K18-DE), followed by transgenic overexpression of the resulting mutant. We found that K18-DE mice develop extensive Fas-mediated liver damage compared to wild-type mice overexpressing K18 (K18-WT). Fas-stimulation of K18-WT mice or isolated hepatocytes caused K18 degradation. By contrast, K18-DE livers or hepatocytes maintained intact keratins following Fas-stimulation, but showed hypo-phosphorylation at a major stress-kinase-related keratin 8 (K8) phosphorylation site. Although K18-WT and K18-DE hepatocytes showed similar Fas-mediated caspase activation, K18-DE hepatocytes were more ‘leaky’ after a mild hypoosmotic challenge and were more susceptible to necrosis after Fas-stimulation or severe hypoosmotic stress. K8 hypophosphorylation was not due to the inhibition of kinase binding to the keratin but was due to mutation-induced inaccessibility to the kinase that phosphorylates K8. A stress-modulated keratin phospho-mutant expressed in hepatocytes phenocopied the hepatocyte susceptibility to necrosis but was found to undergo keratin filament reorganization during apoptosis. Therefore, the caspase cleavage of keratins might promote keratin filament reorganization during apoptosis. Interference with keratin caspase cleavage shunts hepatocytes towards necrosis and increases liver injury through the inhibition of keratin phosphorylation. These findings might extend to other intermediate filament proteins that undergo proteolysis during apoptosis.</P>
Regional Structure of the Indian Summer Monsoon in Observations, Reanalysis, and Simulation
Cash, Benjamin A.,Kinter III, James L.,Adams, Jennifer,Altshuler, Eric,Huang, Bohua,Jin, Emilia K.,Manganello, Julia,Marx, Larry,Jung, Thomas American Meteorological Society 2015 Journal of climate Vol.28 No.5