스포츠심리학 : 배구 수비자의 시각탐색 전략

박승하(SeungHaPark),김선진(SeonJinKim) 한국체육학회 2004 한국체육학회지 Vol.43 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the skill-based differences of visual search strategy in volleyball defensive players when predicting the opposing setter`s set direction. Eight expert and eight novice players participated in this experiment. All subjects were asked to anticipate the setter`s set direction as quickly and accurately as possible, after viewing a sequence of films. These films simulated twenty-four offensive patterns similar to various real game situations. The sequences were edited from serve to setter`s initial contact moment with a ball. After responding, they were also asked to express the level of confidence on their anticipation. To measure the eye movement, an eye movement recorder (NAC EMR-8) was used. The results indicated that experts` anticipation was more accurate than novices and experts had higher level of confidence on their anticipation than novices. But there was no difference in speed of anticipation between the two groups. In both the serve-receive and receive-set period, experts exhibited longer mean fixation duration than novices, which means that experts have lower search rate, more fixations of shorter duration Lastly, experts fixated longer on the attacker`s area in the both periods, and directed less time toward ball area than novices in the receive-set period.

스포츠심리학 : 골프 칩샷 기술의 제어 특성: Normalized jerk의 적합성

박승하(SeungHaPark),이승민(SeungMinLee) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.6

The normalized jerk, absolute jerk standardized relative to movement time and distance, have been accepted as the index of smoothness for evaluating the quality of movement in single- and/or planar two-joint movement. The purpose of this study was to determine if the variable of normalized jerk is appropriate as index of the movement smoothness in performing complex sport task such as chip shot in golf. We calculated the normalized jerk value of two end-points, the left wrist and the toe of club's head, and examined it's difference as function of skill level and hits/misses. Eighteen golfers, 9 experts and 9 non-experts, participated in the study. Each participant performed the chip shot at 8m distant from the hole until getting at least three hits and three misses. The results indicated the downswing of expert golfers was faster than that of non-expert golfers, but there were no differences in the swing duration between two skill levels in backswing and follow through. The normalized jerk value of left wrist was lower than that of club's head, regardless of swing phases. From the results of normalized jerk across swing phases, we confirmed expert golfers characterized the smoothness of movement in downswing among swing phases, and that the smoothness of swing in y- and z-direction was important for successful chip shot. In conclusion, we suggest that the variable of normalized jerk can be used as the index of smoothness in complex sport skill, but we should to step the process for identifying the validity of normalized jerk by the further studies.

스포츠심리학 : 요약 KR의 점감 및 점가 제시에 따른 골프퍼팅 기술의 파지 및 전이효과

이한우(HanWooLee),박승하(SeungHaPark) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.5

The purpose of this study was to examine learning effects of faded summary KR using 5m golf putting task(transfer test, 4m). Participants in this experiment were 40 high-school male students. There were four groups consisted of ten boys in each group. The four groups were faded summary KR(10-5-2 summary KR), reverse faded summary KR(2-5-10 summary KR), summary 1 KR, and summary 5 KR condition. Participants performed total 90 trials(15trials×6blocks) in acquisition phase. After 24 hours, they performed retention test and transfer test. Dependent variable was E. Acquisition, data was analyzed in a 4(summary condition)×6(block) ANOVA with repeated measures on th last block. Also, Retention, and transfer test data was analyzed in a 4(summary condition)×2(block) ANOVA with repeated measures on th last block. The results of this study could be as follows.(a) In the analysis of acquisition phase, summary 1 group was more effective than summary 10-5-2 group. There was no significant difference between another groups. (b) Every groups gradually decreased their error score as progression of practice. (c) Summary 5 and 2-5-10 group was more effective than the other groups in retention test but there was no significant difference between two groups. (d) In the analysis of transfer test, Error score of summary 2-5-10 group was lower than summary 5, summary 10-5-2, summary 1 group and summary 5 group’s error score was lower than summary 1 and summary 10-5-2 group. In conclusion, this results indicated that faded summary KR schedule was more effective than the other schedule used in this experiment.

인문,사회과학편 : 취학 전, 후 아동의 자세유지 관련 어포던스의 지각

이보라(BoRaLee),박승하(SeungHaPark) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.5

본 연구는 취학 전, 후 아동에게 나타나는 자세유지 관련 어포던스의 지각과 동작간의 결합 특성을 알아보는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 취학 전 4-6세 아동 12명과 취학 후 9-11세 아동 12명이 실험에 참여하였다. 이들은 시각과 촉각 조건에서 12°, 22°, 33°의 경사면을 정면과 측면에서 관찰한 후, 그 경사면 위에서 직립자세를 유지할 수 있는가의 물음에 대한 언어적 반응 과제를 수행하였다. 이 후 각 경사각도의 경사면 위에서 실제로 직립 자세를 유지하는 과제를 수행하였다. 언어적 “예” 반응 빈도와 실제 직립자세 유지 빈도의 결과를 비교 분석한 결과, 시각 조건에서 취학 전 4-6세 아동은 취학 후 9~11세 아동보다 경사 각도가 심해질수록 자신의 능력을 과대평가하는 경향이 나타났다. 반면에 취학 전, 후 아동모두 자세유지와 관련된 어포던스를 지각함에 있어서 시각 정보보다 촉각 정보를 활용할 수 있는 능력이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 감각 양식에 따라 취학 전, 후 아동의 자세 조절과 관련된 지각과 동작의 결합 관계에 차이가 있음을 의미하는 것이다. This study is to investigate the different characteristics of pre and post school children by analyzing the relationship between affordance perception ability and sustained upright standing ability. Twelve pre-school children(4~6 years old) and 12 post-school children(9-11 years old) were participated and performed verbal responses(yes or no) whether they can sustain upright standing position under the two conditions of perceptual mode(visual vs. haptic) on the three different degree of inclination surface (12°, 22°, 33°) from the two different observational directions(frontal vs. sagittal). They also executed the sustained upright standing under the same conditions. The results about the frequency analysis of verbal response(yes) and the actual sustained upright standing posture revealed that, for visual perception mode, pre-school children(4~6 year old) overestimated their ability as the inclination of standing surface increase, and both pre- and post-school children had a limited ability available for haptic information to perceive affordance on postural control. These results suggest there are differences in relationship of perception and action system related to postural control according to the perceptual mode and motor development processes.

무용표현력의 구성요인 탐색

강혜원(HyeWonKang),이용현(YongHyunLee),박승하(SeungHaPark) 한국체육학회 2011 한국체육학회지 Vol.50 No.6

무용표현력은 무용수행의 궁극적인 목적인 미적표현을 가능하게 하는 핵심 능력이다. 본 연구는 무용수행과 관련된 개념의 구조화와 무용수행의 향상을 위한 심리요인 탐색의 여러 선행 연구에서 밝히고 있는 ‘표현력’ 요인을 좀 더 심도있게 알아보기 위한 것이었다. 이를 위해 93명의 무용전문가를 대상으로 개방형 설문을 통해 귀납적 내용분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 동작표현기술, 외적표출능력, 창의적 사고력, 표현열정의 네 가지 요인이 도출되었다. 이를 바탕으로 총 52문항으로 구성된 무용표현의 결정요인에 대한 예비문항을 작성하여 200명에게 설문을 실시하여 문항분석, 신뢰도 분석을 통해 5문항을 삭제한 후 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 총 52문항 중 35문항이 삭제되어 최종 4요인 17문항이 선별되었다. 4요인 17문항에 대한 요인 모델의 적합도를 확인하기 위해 201명에게 설문을 실시하여 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 최종 모형에 대한 적합도는 대체로 양호하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 무용표현을 결정하는 여러 요인들에 대한 폭넓은 이해를 통해 무용에서의 표현력을 평가할 수 있는 기초가 될 것으로 사료된다. Dancing expressiveness is a key ability for artistic activities in dance performance. The purpose of this study was to research further the expressiveness factors to be known in the several previous research related to the dance performance. For the research, the inductive analysis were accomplished by the open-ended survey. As the result, the 4 factors are derived such as motion expression skill, outward expression ability, creative thinking, and the passion of expression. Based on the facts, 52 items were made for the major factors of dancing expression, and exploratory factor analysis has been fulfilled to 200 dancers were surveyed through the item analysis and reliability analysis after deleting 5 items. Therefore, 35 items were erased among 52 items, finally 4 factors and 17 items were selected. As the result to request the survey for the confirmatory factor analysis to 201 dancers in order to confirm the goodness of fit of factor model about the 4 factors and 17 articles, the goodness of fit on the final model would be satisfied. In conclusion, this research would be the basis to evaluate a expressiveness in dancing though wide understanding several factors to be decided in dancing expressiveness.

스포츠심리학 : 축구 페널티킥에서 골키퍼의 숙련도, 예측 및 사전시각단서의 활용 능력

김선진(SeonJinKim),이승민(SeungMinLee),박승하(SeungHaPark) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons lie in those differences in the abilities of utilizing advanced visual cue and of anticipation the direction of penalty kick based on goalkeepers’ skill level. 12 subjects were selected for this study; 6 subjects (n=6) were male players with more than 10-year experience, whereas the rest (n=6) was inexperienced novices. By watching motion pictures of penalty kicks, they were required to press a reaction system as fast as they estimate the direction of ball. For this experiment, an eye movement tracking system (NAC emr-8), equipment for measuring anticipation, screen and beam projector, were prepared. By classifying the output from experiment into 1st interval between running and landing of non-kicking leg, and 2nd interval between landing of non-kicking leg and impact, the subjects’ accuracy of anticipation and visual search strategy were analyzed.The results were as follows. First, experts tended to predict the direction of penalty kick more accurately than novices. In addition, it was found that the both groups tend to predict well on the penalty kick to side direction rather than to above and below. Second, although every experts had higher fixation time during the 1st and 2nd interval of penalty kicks, there was no difference between two groups regarding the search rate. Third, it was found that the experts gaze at kicker’s shoulder, trunk, and kicking leg during the 1st interval and at the right side of soccer ball and non-kicking leg during the 2nd interval, whereas the novices fixated longer at head, waist, non-kicking leg, and succor ball during the 1st interval and at soccer ball and kicking leg during the 2nd interval. In conclusion, it is found that the accuracy of anticipation depends on the ability of acquiring the useful visual cue based on the predictor’s experience and knowledge. The pattern of visual search was found to be different in each interval and it tells experts tend to acquire more information through the environment to anticipate penalty kick just before the impact moment.

인문,사회과학편 : 배드민턴 선수의 공격 방향 예측을 위한 시각탐색 전략과 반응 동작

김선진(SeonJinKim),구해모(HaiMoGub),박승하(SeungHaPark),이승민(SeungMinLee) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 배드민턴에서 기술 숙련성에 따른 포핸드 스매시 공격 방향의 예측을 위한 시각탐색 전략의 차이를 비교·분석하는 것이다. 국개대표선수 7명과 대학선수 7명은 실제 코트에서 롱 서브 후 상대 선수의 포핸드 스매시 공격 방향을 가능한 한 정확하고 빠르게 예측하여 반응하는 과제를 수행하였다. 그 결과 국가대표선수는 대학선수에 비하여 주요 시각 단서에 시선을 고정시키는 시간이 길고 시선의 이동 빈도가 낮은 탐색 전략을 사용하였으며, QE 유지시간을 길게 하여 보다 안정적으로 정보를 탐색하고 처리하려는 특성을 보였다. 또한 국가대표선수들은 준비 구간에서 셔틀콕과 어깨, 팔 사이 공간 영역에, 공격 구간에서는 공간 영역과 타구가 임팩트 되는 타점 영역에 시선을 주로 두었으며, 대학선수는 준비구간에서 셔틀콕과 라켓 영역에, 공격 구간에서 타점, 라켓, 얼굴 영역에 시선을 많이 두는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 기술 숙련성이 높을수록 예측에 필요한 정보를 선택하여 효율적으로 활용할 수 있는 능력이 우수하며, 타구 방향을 예측하기 위하여 공간 영역에 시선을 두고 환경시를 통해 정보를 획득하려는 맥락 제어 전략을 사용하는 것을 알 수 있다. The purpose of this research was to examine the difference of visual search strategies for predicting a forehand smash across badminton player’s skill levels. Seven national and 7 college badminton players served a long serve, and then reacted to the opponent's forehand smash as quickly and accurately as possible. As results, rational players showed lower visual search rate, and longer quiet eye duration than college players. National players fixed longer on the spatial area among the shuttle cock, arm, and shoulder in the preparation phase, and on the spatial area and contact area between racquet and coak in the attack phase. On the other hand, college players fixed longer on the shuttle coak and the racquet during the preparation phase, and on the contact, the racquet, and the opponent's face area in the attack phase. The results were indicated that the higher skill level player had superior ability to select and utilize the visual cues through the peripheral vision for prediction of opponent's attack direction.

스포츠심리학 / 초등학교 학생들의 던지기 동작 협응형태 변화에 대한 연구

김선진(SeonJinKim),최범규(BumKyuChoi),박승하(SeungHaPark),최시호(SiHoChoi) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.4

본 연구는 연령에 따른 던지기 기술의 발달적 변화를 이해하고 신체발달 상태에 적합한 던지기 기술의 학습을 위한 효과적인 정보를 찾아내는 데 그 목적이 있다. 즉, 영상분석을 통하여 던지기 동작에 대한 신체분절간의 협응 형태를 살펴보고, 어린 아이들의 성장과 성별에 따라 나타나는 협응 형태의 차이점을 규명하고자 하였다. 이와 같은 과정은 연령과 기술 수준에 따른 던지기 동작의 발달적 단계를 몸통·팔·다리 동작으로 구분하여 정성적으로 분석한 결과에 그 기초를 두고 실시하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 나타나는 던지기 동작의 양적 자료는 초등학교의 교육 현장에서 흔히 나타나는 남·여학생간의 던지기 능력 차이가 운동 형태의 발달적 특성과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 나타냈다. The purpose of this study was to understand the developmental stage of throwing skill and to find the effective information for the learning of throwing skill. It is based on the result of Haywood`s qualitative study, in which the throwing skill was divided into three part motion; thrunk action, arm action, leg action. By using three dimensional motion analysis, we investigated the coordination pattern between body segments in throwing and the difference of coordination over age and gender. These results provided the quantitative information for the developmental characteristic of throwing ability in gender difference, in elementary school students.

인문,사회과학편 : 진로장벽과 진로결정 자기효능감이 진로결정수준에 미치는 영향: 성별의 조절된 매개효과를 중심으로

장미연(MiYeonJang),신명진(MyoungJinShin),박승하(SeungHaPark),송주란(JooRanSong) 한국체육학회 2014 한국체육학회지 Vol.53 No.5

본 연구의 목적은 사회인지 진로이론(social cognitive career theory)과 사회인지 이론(social cognitive theory)에 근거하여 진로장벽이 진로결정 자기효능감을 매개로 진로결정수준에 미치는 영향력차이가 성별에 따라 존재하는지 살펴보는 것이다. 육상선수 327명을 대상으로 구조방정식모형을 통해서 연구모형을 분석한 결과, 진로장벽이 진로결정수준에 부적영향을 미치고 있으며 진로결정 자기효능감이 매개변수인 것으로 나타났고, 경로 b가 남자선수는 .18, 여자선수는 -.34이었다. 따라서 남자선수는 진로장벽이 진로결정 자기효능감을 매개로 미결정 수준에 미치는 영향력은 부적인 반면, 여자선수는 정적인 영향을 미쳐 성별에 따라 매개모형의 경로가 다른 조절된 매개효과가 증명되었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of career barrier and career decision making self-efficiency on career decision level, focusing on moderated mediation effect of gender. Three hundred twenty seven track & field athletes were selected for this study and research model was analyzed through the SEM. It was found out that they had a negative impact on career decision level and career decision making self-efficiency worked as mediation. Also path b in research model presented .18 for male athletes and -.34 for female athletes, which means career barrier have a negative impact on decision making level with career decision making self-efficiency as a mediation for male athletes, but have an opposite impact for female athletes. It was proved that moderated mediation effect varies with different effect across gender.