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김범철,박주현,임병진,허우명,황길순,최광순,채기숙 ( Bomchul Kim,Ju Hyun Park,Byung Jin Lim,Woo Myung Heo ) 한국하천호수학회 1997 생태와 환경 Vol.30 No.4
The limnological survey of Lake Okjong was conducted for one year from June 1993 to May 1994 on the monthly basis. The loading of phosphorus, nitrogen and organic carbon from the watershed into the lake were monitored at the main inflowing sites. Secchi disc transparency, epilimnetic chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus concentration and primary production were in the range of 1.3∼4.0 m, 2.4∼18.7 mg Chl/m^3, 1.25∼2.87 mgN/l, 7∼65 mg P/m^3, 325∼2,113 mg C/m^2/day, respectively. TN/TP atomic ratio varied from 129 to 443. N/P ratio decreased in summer because phosphorus concentration was higher than in winter, while nitrogen did not vary much. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton was distinct. In winter and spring, diatoms, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima and Aulacoseira italica were dominant while cyanobacteria, Microcystis sp., M.ichthyoblabe, Phormidium sp. and P. valderianum var. tenuis were dominant in warm seasons. The dominant zooplankton species were Thermocyclops taihokuensis in warm seasons while Bosmina longirostris were dominant in cold seasons. The organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of lake sediment were 8.0∼14.8, 0.59∼0.71, 1.14∼1.87mg N/g, respectively. The sediment of Lake Okjong can be classified as oligohumic based on C/N ratio. The total phosphorus loading from the watershed and fishfarm were estimated to be 2.7 g P/m^2/yr, which far exceeded the critical loading for eutrophication. The organic carbon loading from the watershed and primary production were determined to be 998t C/yr, 6,348t C/yr, respectively. Most of organic carbon was contributed by autochthonous primary production of phytoplankton. Trophic state of Lake Okjong can be classified as eutrophic.
김범철,안태석,조규송 ( Bomchul kim,Tae Seok Ahn,Kyu Song Cho ) 한국하천호수학회 1988 생태와 환경 Vol.21 No.3
Trophic states were surveyed in reservoirs of the Han River. Trophic states were assessed from chlorophyll a concentration, Secchi disc transparency, total phosphorus and primary productivity in recent several years. Trophic state indices (TSI) were calculated from the summer-time average of water quality data TSIs were in the range of mesotrophy to eutrophy, from 40 to 55. The highest TSI of all the reservoirs of the Han River was observed at the inlet of the South Han River in Lake Paldang. TSI varied with year becuase of such event as turbid flood inflow, water bloom, and descending water level. The reservoirs of the North Han River showed higher TSI in 1987 than 1981 and 1982 because of high turbidity in Lake Paro caused by drawdown of water level. The correlation coefficients between the six TSIs were high, but the probabilities of paired T-test were very low, which means significant differences in the absolute dimensions of the TSIs. The correlation between TSI(SD) and TSI(TP) was highest and TSI(Chl) showed lower correlation with TSI(SD) and TSI(TP).
한국형 부영양화지수(TSI<sub>KO</sub>)의 인자로서 TOC의 적용성 검토
김범철 ( Bomchul Kim ),공동수 ( Dongsoo Kong ) 한국물환경학회 2019 한국물환경학회지 Vol.35 No.3
Korean Trophic State Index (TSIKO) was developed in 2006, and was composed of COD (COD<sub>Mn</sub> based on permanganate method), Chlorophyll α (Chl.α) and total phosphorus (TP). However, COD<sub>Mn</sub> usually represents only 50-60% of total organic matter in stream or lake water due to low oxidizing power of permanganate. This study investigated the relationship between TOC and COD<sub>Mn</sub> based on the average data for the whole layer in 81 lakes in Korea, during the period 2013-2017. As a result, COD<sub>Mn</sub> was found to be 1.54 times more than TOC in 66 of the freshwater lakes and 3 brackish lakes (TOC measured using thermo-oxidation method). TOC was about a quarter of COD<sub>Mn</sub> in 8 coastal lakes (TOC measured using UV-persulfate oxidation method), and it appeared to be underestimated due to chloride interference. Using the data of 69 lakes with exception of 12 brackish lakes, TSI<sub>KO</sub>(TOC) was developed based on the correlation between TOC and COD<sub>Mn</sub>, while TSI<sub>KO</sub>(COD) was replaced with TSI<sub>KO</sub>(TOC). However, for trophic state assessment of brackish lakes, the TSI<sub>KO</sub>(TOC) can only be utilized in case that TOC is measured through thermo-oxidation method. The determination coefficient of TSI<sub>KO</sub>(Chl) to TSI<sub>KO</sub>(COD) in 66 freshwater lakes and 3 brackish lakes was 0.83, while that to TSI<sub>KO</sub>(TOC) was 0.68. This difference could be attributed to the recalcitrant organic part of TOC.
소양호 유역과 가두리로부터의 인부하량 및 인수지 ( Phosphorus Budget )
허우명,김범철,안태석,이기종 ( Woo Myung Heo,Bomchul Kim,Tae Seok Ahn,Ki Jong Lee ) 한국하천호수학회 1992 생태와 환경 Vol.25 No.4
Phosphorus loading into Lake Soyang was estimated by determining phosphorus input via runoff of drainage basin and the phosphorus discharge from floating-net fishfarms within the lake. The loading from drainage basin was determined by measuring total phosphorus concentration in the main inflowing stream, Soyang River, from July 1990 to May 1992. Because the total phosphorus concentration and the flow rate of Soyang River was high in flood period, most of phosphorus loading was concentrated in rainy season. Phosphorus discharge of fishfarms was estimated from the amount of fishfeed applied annually and the unit rate of phosphorus excretion per feed weight. The loading from the watershed and fishfarms were calculated to be 104 and 48 tP/yr, respectively. Both combined, the phosphorus loading of Lake Soyang far exceeded the critical loading for eutrophication. The amount of phosphorus discharge through outflowing water was 62 tP/yr. Thus the retention rate of phosphorus was 0.59.
채기숙,김범철 ( Ki Sook Chae,Bomchul Kim ) 한국하천호수학회 1997 생태와 환경 Vol.30 No.3
The effects of acidification on phytoplankton composition were observed by enclosure experiments. The surface water of Lake Soyang was acidified to 5.5, 5.0, or 4.5 with H_2SO_4, and the change of species composition and biomass of phytoplankton were observed. Axenic cultures of two algae, a green alga (Scenedesmus obliquus) and a cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) was also used to test the effects of acidification. Dominant phytoplankton in Lake Soyang were Asterionella in winter, and Peridinium and Anabaena in summer. In acidified conditions, dominant species changed from cyanobacteria to green algae. At pH 4.5 most algal cells showed morphological damage. Species richness decreased with decreasing pH. The growth rate of Anabaena declined at below pH 5.5. Whereas, the growth rate of Peridinium, Fragilaria, and Asterionella decreased only at pH 4.5. Green algae, Desmidium and Dictyosphaerium, were not dominant initially, but increased rapidly in acidified conditions. In contrast with Anabaena, green algae increased even at pH 4.5 and grew slower at neutral pH. In axenic cultures, the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa was inhibited at pH 4.0 and 5.0 and showed maximum at pH 9.0. Scenedesmus obliquus also grew well at pH 5.0 and showed maximum at pH 9.0. At pH 4.0, Scenedesmus did not grow at all.
소양호 부영양화에 따른 N/P 비의 변화와 남조류 Bloom
허우명,김범철,조규송 ( Woo Myung Heo,Bomchul Kim,Kyu Song Cho ) 한국하천호수학회 1991 생태와 환경 Vol.24 No.4
After the first advent in 1986 two species of Anabaena spiroides and A. macrospora showed increasing dominacy year by year, which is thought to be enhanced by the increase of phosphorus concentration and the decrease of N/P ratio caused mainly by the phosphorus discharge from fishfarms within the lake. The bluegreen algal bloom in a water without nitrogen depletion is the unique feature in Lake Soyang. Nitratenitrogen was maintained always above 0.5 mg N/l throughout the year, though the NO_3-N/TP ratio decreased from 100 in 1984 to 50 in 1990 due to the increase of phosphorus content. High nitrogen concentration and scarcity of heterocyst in trichomes of Anabaena implies that nitrogen fixing ability is not critical for the bluegreen algal dominance in Lake Soyang. In the bag cultivation of Anabaena, the number of haterocysts increased with the addition of phosphorus which induced nitrogen depletion and the reduction of N/P ratio through algal growth.
최승익,김범철,안태석 ( Seung Ik Choi,Bomchul Kim,Tae Seok Ahn ) 한국하천호수학회 1997 생태와 환경 Vol.30 No.2
To scutinize the effects of acidification on bacterial community, bacterial numbers and β-glucosidase activities were analyzed within the acid-treated lake water. One liter of 0.2㎛ filtrated water of Lake Soyang were adjusted as pH 3.7, 5.0, 6.1 with 1N H-2SO_4 and inoculated to ml of Lake water. In case of pH 6.1, after incubating for 10 hrs, bacterial numbers and activities were similar to those of control. But in case pH 5.0, after incubating for 72 hrs, bacterial numbers and activities were higher than other cases. In low pH condition, pH 3.7, the bacterial community have not recovered their numbers and activities. Specific activity of β-glucosidase in pH 5.0 condition was the highest.
Enclosure 실험에 의한 환경요인이 소양호 식물플랑크톤 군집변화에 미치는 영향연구
허우명,김범철,조규송 ( Woo Myung Heo,Bomchul Kim,Kyu Song Cho ) 한국하천호수학회 1992 생태와 환경 Vol.25 No.2
Enclosures (1m diameter and 1.5m deep) established five at dam site during bloom of Peridinium bips in Lake Soyang. The changes of phytoplankton community were surveyed that the each enclosures controled by acid (pH 4.0 by HC1), CO_2(6.0∼7.01/min), aeration (21/min) and phosphate (0.1mg/1 by KH_2PO_4). The results indicated that Peridinium bipes appeared in the control and added phosphate bag all the time during the study periods. In addition, in the bag of added CO_2, Peridinium bipes disappeared during the adding CO_2, but it appeared again after stopped the adding CO_2. In added aeration and acid bag, Peridinium bipes was replaced with the Asterionella after a few days. And, although under the condition of low pH, acid bag after added the phosphate dominanted by Chlorophyte, Crytomonas of small cell size.