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부사적 쓰임을 보이는 ‘완전(完全)’에 대한 통시적 고찰
김다미 ( Kim Dami ) 국어학회 2021 국어학 Vol.- No.97
‘완전(<완젼, 完全)’의 부사적 용법은 20세기 초 문헌 자료에서 발견되기 시작한다. 이는 앞 시기에 주로 다른 명사에 선행하여 그 의미를 수식/한정하던 관 형사적 용법의 명사 ‘완전’이 통사적 분포를 확장해 나가는 것으로 이해된다. 그러나 이 시기 ‘완전’의 의미는 ‘모든 측면에서 두루 (완벽하게)’ 정도의 추상성에 머무르고 있으며, 20세기 말에 이르러서야 비로소 강조부사 ‘아주, 매우, 정말, 진짜’ 등에 준하는 더욱 추상화된 의미로서의 용법이 관찰된다. 이러한 ‘완전’의 통사적 분포 및 의미/기능의 확장 양상이 보편적인 문법화의 방향을 따른다는 것은 부사 ‘아주(<아조)’와의 비교적 관찰을 통해서도 확인해 볼 수 있다. 나아가 ‘완전’의 문법화는 ‘완전’이 명사의 자격으로 참여하여 만들어진 합성어나 그로부터 재차 파생된 단어에 대해 일종의 형태/통사적 재분석이 일어나는 과정이 존재하여, ‘완전’이 부사적 쓰임을 보이는 빈도를 언중들이 실제보다 높이 느끼는 데에서 촉진되었을 것이라는 가설을 제안한다. Adverbial usages of ‘wanjeon’ were discovered for the first time in Korean literature in early 20th century, as instances of extension of its syntactic distribution. Contrastively, ‘wanjeon’ generally used to be placed in front of another noun to modify/define its meaning in the previous period. However, the adverbial meaning of 'wanjeon' at that time did not yet show higher degree of abstractness corresponding to ‘very, highly’, but rather it was observed in the end of the century. Comparative investigation with adverb ‘aju’ implies that the extension of syntactic distribution and the semantic abstraction of 'wanjeon' follows the universal trajectory of grammaticalization. I suggest that this grammaticalization has been promoted by recognition that the adverbial uses were more frequent than expected since morphosyntactic reanalysis is motivated in compound/derived words including ‘wanjeon’.
기온 70℃의 복사열 노출 환경에서 건조와 젖은 상태의 소방용 보호장갑 착용 시 쾌적성 평가
김다미(Dami Kim),김도형(Dohyung Kim),이주영(Joo-Young Lee) 한국생활환경학회 2017 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.24 No.1
The purpose of this study was to evaluate comfort functions while wearing firefighters’ protective gloves in dry and wet conditions at 70℃ air temperature with radiant heat. Four types of firefighting gloves from Korea, Germany, United States, and Japan were evaluated in both dry and wet conditions by eight male firefighters. Firefighters put their hands and forearms wearing gloves into a hands-radiant chamber that maintained at an air temperature of 70 ± 2℃ (Ta) and globe temperature 106℃ (Tg). During the exposure, subjects followed a fixed protocol of manual movements and stopped the exposure when they felt being intolerable. Results showed that completion time was extended by 6 min on average when gloves got wet and 15 min for the Japanese gloves was extended when compared to its dry condition (p<.001); microclimate humidity on the palm at the last stage was greater for wet conditions than dry conditions in the all gloves; and skin temperatures on mid-fingertip, palm, and hand were significantly lower for wet conditions than dry conditions especially for Japanese gloves (p<.001). These results indicate that the exposure time without thermal pain to radiant heat could be extended by wetting gloves during the low radiant heat exposure.
국내외 보급형 소방용 보호장갑의 동작성 평가-착탈 시험, 기민성 시험, 회전력 시험을 중심으로-
김다미 ( Dami Kim ),이인성 ( Inseong Lee ),이주영 ( Joo Young Lee ) 한국의류학회 2016 한국의류학회지 Vol.40 No.5
<div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div><div style="display:none">fiogf49gjkf0d</div> This research analyzed the manual performance of firefighting protective gloves on global markets in order to suggest an evaluation method for firefighting protective gloves wearing comfort. We collected 13 types of firefighting gloves from domestic and international markets (7 types from Korea, 3 types form Europe, 2 types from the U.S and 1 type from Japan). We set the Don-Doff test as a basal requirement for moving toward to further manual performance tests that consist of: ASTM dexterity test, Minnesota dexterity test, Bennett hand tool test and ASTM torque test. All gloves were evaluated in dry and wet conditions, we included eight current male firefighters (43.4±7.0yr in age, 173.1±4.4cm in height, 79.9±9.2kg in body mass) for the tests. Four gloves (1 Korea, 1 U.S, 1 Germany, and 1 Japan) out of thirteen firefighting gloves passed the Don-Doff test and had great subject preferences. There was no significant difference between dry and wet conditions on the ASTM dexterity test, Minnesota dexterity test, Bennett hand tool test and ASTM torque test. However, Japanese gloves had the greatest score and showed 3-4 times faster completion time on the ASTM dexterity test (p<.05), 1.2-1.5 times faster on the Minnesota dexterity test (p<.05), as fast as the bare hand on Bennett hand tool test (p<.05), and greater performance on the ASTM torque test compared to bare hand. In conclusion, Don-Doff test in wet conditions should be the first step for a mobility evaluation of domestic firefighting protective gloves; subsequently, a comprehensive test assorting ASTM, Minnesota, and Bennett test should be developed as a second step. The current ASTM torque test can be adopted as a third step. This three-step-method for evaluating firefighting protective glove mobility can be expected to expand into surveys of other safety gloves in Korea.